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AP Psych > AP Psych Unit 5 > Flashcards

AP Psych Unit 5 Flashcards

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1
Q

Memory

A

the persistence of learning over time

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2
Q

What is the Atkinson - Shiffrin 3 stage model

A

Sensory, short term, and long term memory

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3
Q

Sensory memory

A

recording images of scenes or echos of sounds

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4
Q

Short term memory

A

What we briefly retain - active processing

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5
Q

Long term memory

A

the storage and recall of information over a long period of time

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6
Q

Encoding

A

Info gets into our brain

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7
Q

Central Executive

A

controlled processing in working memory

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8
Q

Rehearsal

A

Recalling the info in a form similar to what was encoded

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9
Q

Explicit memory

A

info we consciously have to work to remember

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10
Q

Implicit memory

A

info we remember cousinly and effortlessly

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11
Q

Echoic memory

A

auditory memories occur even without paying attention

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12
Q

Iconic memory

A

visual memories

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13
Q

Short term memory capacity

A

7 bits of info at one time

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14
Q

working memory capacity

A

3-4 items on info at a time

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15
Q

shallow processing

A

Encoding on a basic level, based on structure or appearance of words

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16
Q

deep processing

A

encoding based off of meaning of words

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17
Q

Chunking

A

grouping

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18
Q

Mnemonics

A

We use techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices

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19
Q

Peg word system

A

remember lists where each item is associated in imagination with a number–word pair

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20
Q

Hierarchies

A

Branching set categories and subcategories

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21
Q

Distributed practice

A

we practice overtime to better retain info

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22
Q

keyword method

A

a person uses what a word sounds like to help them visualize what the word is to tell them later on

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23
Q

spacing effect

A

Studying distributed overtime

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24
Q

testing effect

A

taking tests during the learn phase to facilitate retrieval from long term memory

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25
Q

Long term memory capacity

A

unlimited

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26
Q

role of the frontal lobes

A

memory retrieval and form long term memories

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27
Q

role of the hippocampus

A

saves explicit memories - when damaged disrupts the formation and recall of the memories

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28
Q

semantic memories

A

general knowledge

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29
Q

episodic memories

A

personal experienced events

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30
Q

infantile amnesia

A

can’t remember events prior to age 2-3

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31
Q

Role of the cerebellum

A

forms and stories conditioned responses and memories

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32
Q

Role of the basal ganglia

A

controls memories that we don’t remember forming

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33
Q

Where do the emotions trigger stress hormones that trigger activity

A

Amygdala

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34
Q

Flashbulb memories

A

memories that are affected by our emotional state

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35
Q

The changes of the synaptic levels

A

When memories form, neurons release neurotransmitters across synapses to other neurons

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36
Q

Long term potentiation

A

Increases activity in neural pathways leading to neural connections strengthening

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37
Q

Recall retention

A

Retrieving previously learned into without cues to help

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38
Q

Recognition retention

A

identify which stimuli match your storied info

39
Q

relearning

A

it takes less work to learn info you have studied before

40
Q

Priming

A

some cues trigger a thread of associations that bring us to a memory of a concept

41
Q

context-dependent memory

A

retrieving a memory more easily when in the same context as when we formed the memory

42
Q

Encoding specificity principle

A

memories are linked to the context in which they are created

43
Q

State-dependent memory

A

memories can be tied to the emotional or physiological state we were in when the memory was formed

44
Q

Mood congruent memory

A

we recall details that are consistent with one’s current mood

45
Q

Positivity bias

A

Events that are processed more efficiently than events that aren’t that pleasant

46
Q

Serial position effect

A

when learning info on a list, we recall the first and last items

47
Q

Recency Effect

A

Remembering last items on a list

48
Q

Primacy effect

A

Remembering first items on a list

49
Q

Anterograde Amnesia

A

can’t form new longterm memories

50
Q

Retrograde failure

A

we know something but can’t access it in our memory

51
Q

Encoding failure

A

we do not notice most of the stimuli we are exposed too

52
Q

Storage decay

A

memories encoded into long term memory will go away if remembered not used

53
Q

retrieval failure

A

if we don’t have enough cues to help us remember a memory

54
Q

tip of the tongue

A

one cannot quite recall a familiar word but can recall words of similar form and meaning

55
Q

proactive interference

A

past is interfering with new memory

56
Q

retroactive interference

A

new learning interferes with retrieval of previous memories

57
Q

motivated forgetting

A

Sigmund Freud - choosing to forget memories

58
Q

repression

A

the exclusion of distressing memories, thoughts, or feelings from the conscious mind

59
Q

misinformation effect

A

misleading info in one’s memory of an event

60
Q

discrepancy detection principle

A

if false info and the original info an event are not detected - info will change

61
Q

Imagination effect

A

picturing an event

62
Q

source amnesia

A

forgetting where the story came from and adding your own memories to it

63
Q

deja vu

A

sense of familiarity kicks in too soon and our brain adds in prior knowledge

64
Q

collective false memories

A

similar false memories are shared by many people

65
Q

concepts

A

mental groups of events, objects people etc

66
Q

prototypes

A

mental image of the best example of what we just learned/saw

67
Q

trial and error

A

various possible solutions and fails

68
Q

algorithm

A

step by step strategy for solving problems to find a solution

69
Q

heuristics

A

short cut strategy that generates a solution fast

70
Q

convergent thinking

A

the solution to a problem can be deduced by applying established rules and logical reasoning

71
Q

divergent thinking

A

unstructured, free-form way of problem-solving

72
Q

insight

A

sudden realization that leads to solution

73
Q

confirmation bias

A

major obstacle in problem solving

74
Q

fixation/mental set

A

tendency to get stuck in one way of thinking

75
Q

intuition

A

effortless thinking - gut decisions

76
Q

representative heuristic

A

based judgments on stereotypes

77
Q

avalibility heuristic

A

we base our judgements on the amount of info in our memories

78
Q

overconfidence

A

we overestimate the accuracy of our knowledge

79
Q

belief perseverance

A

info clinging to our brains

80
Q

framing

A

same issue presented in two different but logically equivalent ways to get diff answers

81
Q

phonemes

A

smallest units of sound

82
Q

morphemes

A

unit of meaning

83
Q

grammar

A

rules for using words etc

84
Q

semantics

A

the study of meaning in language

85
Q

syntax

A

the way words are organized into sentences

86
Q

receptive langauge

A

0-4 months - associating sound with facial movements

87
Q

productive language

A

4 months - productive language

88
Q

babbling stage

A

10 months - baby says incomplete words

89
Q

one word stage

A

12 months - beginning of basic nouns

90
Q

two word stage

A

form of words

91
Q

telegraphic speech

A

children begin stringing more than two words together

92
Q

statistical learning

A

infants quickly recognize patterns in words

93
Q

universal grammar

A

human languages, as superficially diverse as they are

94
Q

critical period

A

the development of vision and hearing

AP Psych (5 decks)

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