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AP Psych > AP Psych Unit 4 > Flashcards

AP Psych Unit 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

classical conditioning

A

organism learns asso­ciations between two stimuli

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2
Q

John Watson

A

American psychologist who popularized the scientific theory of behaviorism

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3
Q

Behaviorism

A

early 1990s belief that human behavior is more important than mental life (anti-freud)

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4
Q

Pavlov’s Legacy

A

Learning occurs in all creatures and is related to biological drives

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5
Q

Neutral Stimulus (NS)

A

Stimulus that does not normally trigger a response

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6
Q

Unconditioned Stimulus (US)

A

A response that triggers a response naturally

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7
Q

Unconditioned Response (UR)

A

Response that happens naturally

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8
Q

Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

A

The formally neutral stimulus that now triggers a response

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9
Q

Conditioned Response (CR)

A

Same as UR, but now triggered by CS instead of US

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10
Q

Aquisition

A

the initial stage of learning/conditioning

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11
Q

Higher-order (second-order) conditioning

A

A conditioned stimulus from one learning procedure is paired with a neutral stimulus creating a second conditioned stimulus

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12
Q

Extinction

A

Diminishing of a CR

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13
Q

Spontaneous Recovery

A

Following extinction, presenting the CS alone in the future might lead to a return of the CR

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14
Q

Generalization

A

CR can be triggered by related/similar stimuli

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15
Q

Discrimination

A

Only respond to specific stimuli

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16
Q

Operant Chamber

A

A device that tracks behavior change in response to different rates of reinforcement or punishment

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17
Q

Shaping

A

Behaviors that get closer (successive approximations ) to the final desired behavior are rewarded

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18
Q

Reinforcement

A

Feedback from the environment that makes a behavior more likely to occur

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19
Q

Operant Conditioning

A

the organism learns associations between its behavior and resulting events

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20
Q

Successive approximations

A

method of shaping operant behavior by reinforcing responses similar to the desired behavior

21
Q

Positive Reinforcement

A

adding something desirable to increase behavior

22
Q

Negative Reinforcement

A

Ending something unpleasant to increase behavior

23
Q

Primary reinforcers

A

Stimulus that is naturally desirable

24
Q

Secondary reinforcers

A

Stimulus which has become associated with a primary reinforcer

25
Q

Delayed reinforcers

A

reinforcement that does not occur immediately after a response has been made

26
Q

Punishment

A

opposite effect of reinforcement

27
Q

Positive Punishment

A

Add something unpleasant to decrease behavior

28
Q

Negative Punishment

A

Take away something desired to decrease behavior

29
Q

Continuous reinforcement

A

Give reward every time after desired behavior

30
Q

Partial (intermittent) reinforce­ment

A

reward is based on a specific amount of times behavior takes place

31
Q

Fixed-ratio

A

specific amount of times (physical)

32
Q

Variable Ratio

A

Random amount of times (physical)

33
Q

Fixed Interval

A

the specific amount of times (clock)

34
Q

Variable Interval

A

the time going by (clock)

35
Q

Reinforcement sensitivity theory

A

people differ in response to punishment and reward

36
Q

Role of Biological learning

A

Organisms are predisposed to learn associations that help them adapt.

37
Q

Instinctive drift

A

Animals natural behavior can interfere with conditioning

38
Q

Role of Cognitive learning

A

animals can learn from experience that is below the surface until a reward draws

39
Q

Cognitive map

A

Create a map in their mind

40
Q

latent learning

A

no immediate reward or punishment after you’re exposed to new information

41
Q

Intrinsic motivation

A

Doing an activity for ones own satisfaction

42
Q

Extrinsic motivation

A

Doing an activity as motivation to get a self-earned reward

43
Q

Observational learning

A

watching and learning what others do

44
Q

Modeling

A

Changing your behavior based on observing someone else

45
Q

Mirror neurons

A

frontal lobes that response the same when we perform an action when we see someone do the same action

46
Q

Overimitation

A

Copying anything someone does

47
Q

Pro - social modeling

A

Modeling actions which benefits others

48
Q

Anti-social modeling

A

People witness behavior that is harmful and likely to be more violent

49
Q

Violence-viewing effect

A

Viewing violent media leads to increased aggression

AP Psych (5 decks)

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