AP Psych Unit 4 Flashcards
classical conditioning
organism learns associations between two stimuli
John Watson
American psychologist who popularized the scientific theory of behaviorism
Behaviorism
early 1990s belief that human behavior is more important than mental life (anti-freud)
Pavlov’s Legacy
Learning occurs in all creatures and is related to biological drives
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Stimulus that does not normally trigger a response
Unconditioned Stimulus (US)
A response that triggers a response naturally
Unconditioned Response (UR)
Response that happens naturally
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
The formally neutral stimulus that now triggers a response
Conditioned Response (CR)
Same as UR, but now triggered by CS instead of US
Aquisition
the initial stage of learning/conditioning
Higher-order (second-order) conditioning
A conditioned stimulus from one learning procedure is paired with a neutral stimulus creating a second conditioned stimulus
Extinction
Diminishing of a CR
Spontaneous Recovery
Following extinction, presenting the CS alone in the future might lead to a return of the CR
Generalization
CR can be triggered by related/similar stimuli
Discrimination
Only respond to specific stimuli
Operant Chamber
A device that tracks behavior change in response to different rates of reinforcement or punishment
Shaping
Behaviors that get closer (successive approximations ) to the final desired behavior are rewarded
Reinforcement
Feedback from the environment that makes a behavior more likely to occur
Operant Conditioning
the organism learns associations between its behavior and resulting events
Successive approximations
method of shaping operant behavior by reinforcing responses similar to the desired behavior
Positive Reinforcement
adding something desirable to increase behavior
Negative Reinforcement
Ending something unpleasant to increase behavior
Primary reinforcers
Stimulus that is naturally desirable
Secondary reinforcers
Stimulus which has become associated with a primary reinforcer
Delayed reinforcers
reinforcement that does not occur immediately after a response has been made
Punishment
opposite effect of reinforcement
Positive Punishment
Add something unpleasant to decrease behavior
Negative Punishment
Take away something desired to decrease behavior
Continuous reinforcement
Give reward every time after desired behavior
Partial (intermittent) reinforcement
reward is based on a specific amount of times behavior takes place
Fixed-ratio
specific amount of times (physical)
Variable Ratio
Random amount of times (physical)
Fixed Interval
the specific amount of times (clock)
Variable Interval
the time going by (clock)
Reinforcement sensitivity theory
people differ in response to punishment and reward
Role of Biological learning
Organisms are predisposed to learn associations that help them adapt.
Instinctive drift
Animals natural behavior can interfere with conditioning
Role of Cognitive learning
animals can learn from experience that is below the surface until a reward draws
Cognitive map
Create a map in their mind
latent learning
no immediate reward or punishment after you’re exposed to new information
Intrinsic motivation
Doing an activity for ones own satisfaction
Extrinsic motivation
Doing an activity as motivation to get a self-earned reward
Observational learning
watching and learning what others do
Modeling
Changing your behavior based on observing someone else
Mirror neurons
frontal lobes that response the same when we perform an action when we see someone do the same action
Overimitation
Copying anything someone does
Pro - social modeling
Modeling actions which benefits others
Anti-social modeling
People witness behavior that is harmful and likely to be more violent
Violence-viewing effect
Viewing violent media leads to increased aggression
