AP PSYCH CARDS Flashcards
PEOPLE
People
Charles Darwin
Theory of evolution, survival of the fittest-origin if the species
Wilhelm Wundt
introspection—psychology became the scientific study of conscious experience; father of modern psychology; structuralism was the approach and introspection was the methodology. 1st Psych lab
John Watson
founder of behaviorism; generalization; applied classical conditioning; most famous for Little Albert experiment, when he first trained Albert to be afraid of rats and then to generalize his fear to small, white animals
Alfred Adler
Neo-Freudian; believed that childhood social, not sexual, tensions are crucial for personality formation; believed that people are primarily searching for self-esteem and achieving the ideal self; inferiority complex
Carl Jung
Disciple of Freud who extended his theories; believed in a collective unconscious as well as a personal unconscious that is aware of ancient archetypes which we inherit from our ancestors and we see in myths (loving mother); coined the terms introversion and extroversion
Gordon Allport
Three levels of traits-
- Cardinal: dominant trait that characterizes your life
- Central: common to all people
- Secondary: surfaces in some situations and not in others
Albert Ellis
Father of Rational-Emotive Therapy (REBT), which focuses on altering client’s patterns of irrational thinking to reduce maladaptive bx and emotion (if I fail AP test my life will end)
Abraham Maslow
Humanist psychologist who said we have a series of needs which must be met; you can’t achieve the top level, self-actualization, unless the previous levels have been achieved; from bottom to top the levels are psychological needs, safety, belonging, self-esteem, self-actualization; lower needs dominate and individual’s motivation as long as they are unsatisfied (Hierarchy of needs)
Carl Rogers
Humanistic psychologist who believed in unconditional positive regard; people will naturally strive for self-actualization and high self esteem, unless society taints them; reflected back clients thoughts so that they developed a self-awareness or their feelings; client-centered therapy; active listening
B.F. Skinner
: operant conditioning
Techniques to manipulate the consequences of an organism’s bx in order to observe the effects of subsequent bx; Skinner box; believed psych was not scientific enough; wanted it to be believed everyone is born tableau Rosa (blank state); NOT concerned with unconscious or cause, only bx Voluntary Bx
Ivan Pavlov
father of classical conditioning- an unconditional stimulus naturally elicits a reflexive bx called an unconditional response, but w/ repeated pairings w/ a neutral stimulus, the neutral stimulus will elicit the response Involuntary Reflexive Bx
Noam Chomsky
Believed there are an infinite # of sentences in a language and hat humans have an unborn native ability to develop language; words and concepts are learned but the brain is hardware for grammar and language
Jean Piaget
Four stage theory of cognitive development-sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational; two basic processes (assimilation and accommodation) work in tandem to achieve cognitive growth; Object Permanence, Conservation Tasks
Erik Erikson
People evolve through 8 states over the life span; each state is marked by psychological crisis that involves confronting “who am I”; Psycho-social development
Lawrence Kohlberg
His theory that there are 3 levels of moral reasoning (pre-conventional, conventional, post-conventional) and each level can be divided into 2 stages; Learning right from wrong; Heinz Dilemma
Carol Gilligan
Maintained the Kohlberg’s work was developed only observing boys and overlooked potential differences btwn the habitual moral judgment of men and women
Hans Eysenck
personality is determined to a large extent by genes; used the terms extroversion and introversion; Trait Theory; x and y axis w/ quadrants
S. Schacter
Believed that to experience emotions one must be physically aroused and must then label the arousal heart races, then we decide we are feeling fear; physical, then cognitive, then emotion
Benjamin Whorf
his hypothesis is that language determines the way we think; Hopi Tribe
Robert Sternberg
triarchic theory of intelligence
- Academic problem-solving intelligence
- Practical intelligence
- Creative intelligence
Howard Gardner
Theory of multiple intelligences (8 distinct categories
E.L. Thorndike
law of effect-the principle that bx followed by favorable consequences becomes more likely and vice versa; Cat Box; rewards work better than punishments
Albert Bandura
observational learning-allows you to profit immediately from the mistakes and successes of others; his experiment had adult models punching BoBo dolls and then observed children whom watched begin to exhibit many of the same bxs; social learning theory
Alfred Binet
Created test to see if children were ready for school; tests were turned into IQ tests
Lewis Terman
revised Binet’s I.Q. test and established norms for American children
David Weschler
established an intelligence test especially for adults (WAIS); also WISC and WPPSI
Charles Spearman
Found that specific mental talents were highly correlated; concluded that all cognitive abilities showed a common core which he labeled “g” for generability
H. Rorschach
Developed one of the first projective tests, the Inkblot Test; subject reads the ink blots and projects to the observer aspects of their personality
Philip Zimbardo
Conducted Stanford Prison experiment; studied to power of social roles to influence peoples bx; proved people’s bx depends to a large extent on the roles they are asked to play; experiment had to be stopped bc it got out of control
David Rosenhan
Conducted a hospital environment to test the diagnosis that hospitals make on patients; wanted to see the impact of bx on being a patient; proved that once you are diagnosed with a disorder, your care would not be very good in a mental hospital setting. He had to pretend to have schizophrenia to enter a mental hospital
S. Asch
Study of conformity; experiment had a subject unaware of his situation to test if he would conform if all the members of a group have an obviously incorrect answer. Line test
Stanley Milgram
Conducted a study on obedience when he had a subject shock a patient to the extent that they would be seriously injuring the patient. Shock experiment
Harry Harlow
Studied theory of attachment in infant Rhesus monkeys; also experimented on the effects of social isolation in young monkeys and observed that they become severely emotionally disturbed and never recover fully cloth/wire mothers
Sigmund Freud
Psychoanalytical theory that focuses on the unconscious, id, ego, superego; believed innate drives for sex and aggression are the primary motives for our bx and personalities. Defense mechanisms
Karen Horney
Criticized Freud; said that personality is continually molded by current fears and impulses rather than being determined solely by childhood experiences; saw humans as craving love and social interaction to drive their needs. Moving against, away, or towards people
Martin Seligman
learned helplessness is the giving up rx that occurs from the experience that whatever you do cannot change your situation
H. Ebbinghas
First to conduct scientific studies on memory and forgetting; leading curves
Hubel and Wiesel
Did a study of the activities of neurons in the visual cortex
Walter B. Cannon
Believed that gastric activity in an empty stomach was the sole reason for hunger; did experiment by inserting balloon in subjects stomach
Ernst Weber
Pioneered the first study on JND (Just noticeable difference) which became Weber’s Law; the JND btwn stimuli is a constant fraction of the intensity of standard stimulus
Elizabeth Kubler-Ross
Theory proposed the 5 stages of grief (denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance)
Robert Zajonc
mere exposure effect; it is possible to have preferences w/o inferences and to feel w/o knowing why
RANDOM VOCAB TO KNOW
Random