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Geography > AP Human Geo Chapter 12/13 > Flashcards

AP Human Geo Chapter 12/13 Flashcards

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1
Q

service

A

any activity that fulfills a need/want and returns money to those who provide it (2/3 of GDP in MDCs, less than 1/2 in LDCs)

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2
Q

settlement

A

permanent collection of buildings where people reside, work, and obtain services

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3
Q

consumer services

A

provide services to industrial consumers who desire them and can afford them
- retail
- health
- education
- leisure
1/2 of all jobs in US

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4
Q

business services

A

facilitate activities of other businesses
- professional services
- transportation services
- financial services
1/4 of all jobs in US

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5
Q

public services

A

provide security and protection for citizens and businesses
- federal government
- state government
- local government
10% of all jobs in US

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6
Q

which business service has had the largest increase?

A

professional services

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7
Q

which consumer services have had the largest increase?

A

education, health care, entertainment, and recreation

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8
Q

central place theory

A

explains the most profitable location for a business

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9
Q

central place

A

market center for exchange of goods and services by people attracted from surrounding areas

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10
Q

market area/hinterland

A

area surrounding service from which customers are attracted
- expressed with hexagons

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11
Q

nodle region

A

region where core has most intense characteristics
- the further away from one market, the more likely to use other nodes

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12
Q

range

A

max distance people are willing to travel to use a service
- short range for everyday services
- long range for luxury services

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13
Q

threshold

A

minimum number of people to support a service (depends a lot on location and population)
- high threshold = luxury
- low threshold = everyday

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14
Q

rank size rule

A

country’s nth-largest settlement is 1/n the population of the largest settlement

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15
Q

primate city rule

A

largest settlement has more than twice as many people as the second ranking settlement

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16
Q

primate city

A

country’s largest city (ex. Mexico); usually found in Europe or colonized countries (not US)

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17
Q

gravity model

A

optimal location of service is directly related to the number of people in the area and inversely related to the distance people must travel to access it

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18
Q

periodic market

A

collection of individual vendors that come together to offer foods and services in a location on specified days
- provide goods to people in LDCs and rural areas with low incomes and purchasing power
- provide fresh food to people in MDCs

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19
Q

where do business services tend to concentrate?

A

cities
- financial institutions attract bank headquarters, insurance companies, etc
- headquarters of large corporations buy shares and sell to global cities
- lawyers/accountants/professionals provide advice to financial institutions and businesses

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20
Q

3 levels of global cities and ranking factors

A
  • alpha, beta, gamma
  • economic factors: number of headquarters/financial institutions/lawyers that influence global economy
  • political factors: house headquarters of international corporations and are the capital of a country
  • cultural factors: presence of renowned cultural institutions/media outlets/sports/colleges
  • infrastructure factors: airports/health care/advanced communications
  • communications: quick communication with coworkers/clients/customers
  • transportation: reinforce primacy of global cities
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21
Q

2 types of business services in LDCs

A
  • offshore financial services
  • back-office services
    *result of low wage workers, low taxes, and weak regulations
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22
Q

offshore financial services

A
  • typically found in islands or small countries (ex. Switzerland and Cayman islands)
  • taxes: low/non-existent; companies and people in other countries can conceal assets in offshore countries
  • privacy: bank secrecy; people can protect assets from lawsuits
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23
Q

back office services

A
  • outsourcing
  • offer insurance claim processing, payroll, transportation
  • rising rates in cities in MDCs have led to businesses moving to suburbs and LDCs
    *LDCs offer low wages, demand, and workers who speak english
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24
Q

basic business

A

exports primarily to customers outside the settlement
- brings money to local economy, stimulating the provision of new nonbasic services (does not work other way around)
- bring new workers, families, and nonbasic services
- basic business growth = nonbasic business growth

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25
Q

nonbasic business

A

serves primarily customers living in the same settlement

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26
Q

economic base

A

unique cluster of basic businesses in a settlement

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27
Q

coolness index

A

percent of population in their 20s, number of bars and nightlife per capita, number of art galleries

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28
Q

clustered rural settlements

A
  • agricultural community where many families live close to each other with fields surrounding the collection of houses and farms
  • have consumer services and some business services
  • buildings and homes arranged based on cultural and physical characteristics
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29
Q

dispersed rural settlements

A
  • farmers living on individual farms isolated from neighbors
  • began in the US mid-Atlantic as settlers where usually individuals instead of groups that settled in New England
  • new machinery allowed farms to work at much larger scales
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30
Q

circular clustered rural settlements

A

central open space surrounded by structures

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31
Q

linear clustered rural settlements

A

buildings clustered along a road, river, or dike to facilitate communication

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32
Q

enclosure act

A
  • 1750 to 1850
  • consolidation of individually owned strips of land around villages into large farms owned by individuals
  • forced movement of farmers to urban areas
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33
Q

4 hearths of civilization

A
  • Ur (oldest settlement in Mesopotamia)
  • Egypt
  • China
  • Indus Valley
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34
Q

what were early consumer services related to?

A

death rituals, priests, and buildings of death rituals

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35
Q

early business services

A

facilitated trade through setting prices, keeping records, creating currency

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36
Q

early public services

A

political leaders and defense forces to protect settlements

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37
Q

ancient urban settlements

A
  • provided government, military protection, public services for hinterlands
  • Athens
  • Rome
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38
Q

medieval urban settlements

A
  • mainly in China
  • feudalism
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39
Q

urbanization

A

process by which the population of urban settlements grows; influenced by increase in percent of people living in urban settlements and increase of number of people living there

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40
Q

city

A

permanent settlement with large size, high population density, and socially heterogeneous people

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41
Q

difference between rural and urban settlements

A
  • large size: people are more familiar in rural settlements. Urban settlements have more people and they have contractual relationships and know fewer people
  • high density: urban settlements require people to be more specialized, but also increase competition
  • social heterogeneity: urban settlements have more diverse populations and people have freedom to pursue unconventional jobs and relationships
42
Q

is the gap between people living in urban areas in MDCs and LDCs growing or shrinking?

A

shrinking

43
Q

where do a majority of people live?

A

urban areas

44
Q

what is the largest city in the world?

A

Tokyo

45
Q

3 fastest growing urban settlements

A
  • Behai, China
  • Ghazibad, India
  • Sana’a, Yemen
46
Q

central city

A

urban settlement that has been incorporated into an independent, self governing unit known as a municipality
- locally elected officials, can raise taxes, provides services

47
Q

urban area

A

central city and the surrounding built up suburbs

48
Q

urbanized area

A

urban area with more than 50,000 residents
- 70% of Americans live in Urbanized areas

49
Q

urban cluster

A

urban area with 2,500 to 50,000 residents

50
Q

metropolitan statistical area

A

method of measuring larger functional area of a settlement
- must be an urbanized area
- includes the county of the city
- includes adjacent counties that have a majority of residents who commute regularly to the city (50% of workers must work in the city)

51
Q

micropolitan statistical area

A

smaller urban areas
- area of 10,000 to 50,000 residents
- county of city
- adjacent counties

52
Q

core based statistical area

A

any one MSA or micropolitan statistical area

53
Q

combined statistical area

A

two or more contiguous CBSAs tied together by commuting patterns

54
Q

primary statistical area

A

CSA, MSA not in a CSA, or μSA not is a CSA

55
Q

central business district

A

downtown
- usually the oldest district in the city
- compact but has many public, business, and consumer services
- focal point of the region’s transportation network

56
Q

public service in CBD

A
  • city hall, courts, county and state agencies, libraries, places of worship, concert venues, sports arenas
57
Q

business services in CBDs

A

businesses that need to be close to public services, other businesses, and need specialized labor

58
Q

consumer services in CBDs

A

retailers with high thresholds, retailers with high ranges, and retailers that serve people in CBDs

59
Q

What’s happening to consumer services in CBDs?

A
  • services with high thresholds are leaving cities and moving to wealthier suburbs
  • services with high ranges used to be cities because they brought in dispersed people, these services are now found in suburbs
  • businesses that primarily serve CBD workers are increasing due to increasing business in CBDs
60
Q

residential and manufacturing areas

A
  • manufacturing areas have moved to suburbs for cheaper and
  • old ports and industrial areas are becoming community spaces
  • residential areas are growing in cities for people without kids
61
Q

concentric model

A

1923 by Burgess; city grows outward from a central area in a series of concentric rings
- size and width of rings vary by city but the same rings in the same order appear in all US cities

62
Q

secot rmodel

A

1939 by Hoyt; city develops in series of sectors
- certain areas are better for certain activities and people (rich live by rich)
- new housing is farther from center
- best housing along spine and in sector from downtown to outer rings
- industrial activities develop by transportation lines

63
Q

multiple nuclei model

A

1945; city is complex structure with more than one center around which activities revolve
- ports, neighborhoods, colleges, airports, etc are all nuclei
- some industries are meant for particular nodes
- edge cities: nodes of consumer and business services around beltway

64
Q

social area analysis

A

study where people of varying living standards, ethnic background, and lifestyle within an urban area

65
Q

census tracts

A

urban areas divided into ~5,000 residents and correspond with neighborhoods
- splits area into blocks and block groups (~ 4 streets per block with several neighboring blocks)

66
Q

concentric zone model social area analysis

A

family in newer home are on outside ring, while family in older home is in the inner ring (same income and ethnicity)

67
Q

sector model social area analysis

A

family with higher income won’t live with family with lower income

68
Q

multiple nuclei social area analysis

A

people with same ethnic/racial background are likely to live near each other

69
Q

CBDs in Europe

A
  • residents: more live downtown (wealthy are downtown)
  • public services: most prominent structures
  • consumer services: high concentration
  • business services: professional and financial services, usually in expensive, historic buildings
70
Q

3 models in Europe

A
  • concentric: newer housing is in outer rings, older housing is by center; suburban housing are high rise buildings
  • sectors: wealthy live by wealthy
  • multiple nuclei: large increase in immigration; most immigrants live in suburbs
71
Q

law of the indies

A

European law on Latin America outlining that cities must be on a grid centered on a church/plaza, walls around homes, neighborhoods built around smaller plazas with parishes

72
Q

3 models in LDCs

A
  • concentric: (most frequently used) wealthy live in center
  • sector: popular in Latin America; wealthy live on spine with jobs, consumer services, and amenities
  • multiple nuclei: popular in SE Asia; no one central CBD; Alien Zones
73
Q

squatter/informal settlements

A

residential area with homes built on land with no legal claim, or area hasn’t been built to cities’ legal building standards

74
Q

suburb

A

residential or commercial area situated within an urban area but outside the central city

75
Q

annexation

A

process of legally adding land area to a city
- usually land is annexed if majority of residents who live on land agree to it
- can be favorable because it means more services will be provided to residents
- is unfavorable because people now prefer private services

76
Q

which state has the most local governments? Which has the least?

A

Illinois has the most; Hawaii has the least

77
Q

metropolitan wide governments

A
  • consolidation of city and county governments (match city boundaries to county)
  • federations: unification of municipalities
78
Q

smart growth

A

legislation and regulations to limit suburban growth and protect farmland

79
Q

sprawl

A

development of suburbs at low density and at location not contiguous to existing built up area

80
Q

peripheral model

A

urban area has inner city surrounded by large suburban residence and service nodes tied together by beltway/ring roads

81
Q

density gradient

A

density change in urban area
- the number of houses per unit of land decreases as distance from center increases
- has changed due to fewer people living in center and fewer differences in density in urban areas

82
Q

megalopolis

A

urban complexes (cities maintain unique identities but peripheries overlap)

83
Q

segregation of social classes

A

communities are built for a certain income

84
Q

segregation of land use

A

residents are separate from commercial and manufacturing activities

85
Q

zoning ordinance

A

law that limits permitted use of land and max density of development in a community
- maintains income and racial homogeneity of suburbs

86
Q

rush hour

A

(peak hour) 4 consecutive 15 minute periods that have heaviest traffic (make up most of people’s commute)

87
Q

5 eras of urban areas due to changing transportation systems

A

1) sail wagon epoch: urban areas along Atlantic (by ports)
2) iron horse epoch: steam engine led to ships traveling faster, also led to canals and railroads
3) steel rail epoch: long haul rail lines connected country
4) auto-air-amenity epoch: internal combustion engine led to popularity of cars and planes
5) satellite-electronic jet propulsion: communicate and control transport electronically

88
Q

what are the benefits of cars?

A

comfort/choice/flexibility and perceived cast (cheaper than public transport)

89
Q

extra costs of cars

A
  • consumption of land: 1/4 of cities are dedicated to roads and parking
  • congestion: average american wastes 18 gallons of gas and 42 hours per year in traffic
90
Q

underclass

A

group prevented from participating in material benefits of a developed society due to social and economic hardships
- usually live in inner city

91
Q

factors that affect the underclass in inner cities

A
  • inadequate job skills and jobs
  • culture of poverty
  • homelessness
  • drugs
  • crime
  • inadequate services
  • municipal finances
92
Q

filtering

A

process of change in use of house from single-family owned to apartments to abandonment

93
Q

redlining

A

process by which financial institutions draw red colored lines on a map and refuse to lend money to people to purchase/improve property within limits (technically illegal)

94
Q

gentrification

A

process of converting urban neighborhoods from low income renters to middle class owners

95
Q

public housing

A

government owned housing rented to low income people with rent 30% of tenant’s income
- public housing and government subsidies have been decreasing in the US but the people who need them are increasing
- other countries have a type of public housing but the housing is owned by philanthropic organizations

96
Q

ways to reduce pollution and fossil fuel dependency

A
  • decrease in 3 main fossil fuels
  • carbon capture and storage (capturing waste CO2 and storing it underground so it can’t go into the air)
97
Q

sustainable development

A

development meets the needs of current people without compromising the needs of future generations

98
Q

ways to limit road congestion

A
  • congestion charges
  • tolls
  • permits for city driving
  • bans
99
Q

alternative fuel options for cars

A
  • diesel
  • hybrid
  • ethanol
  • full electric
  • plug-in hybrid
  • hydrogen fuel cell
100
Q

urban infilling

A

process of building up underused lands within cities

101
Q

white flight

A

affluent whites moved out of cities to the suburbs and immigrants and minorities stayed in the declining urban center

102
Q

blockbusting

A

real estate agents and developers encourage affluent white property owners to sell their homes at a loss of stoking fears that their neighborhoods were being overtaken by racial or ethnic minorities

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