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Geography > AP Human Geo 1.3-1.4 > Flashcards

AP Human Geo 1.3-1.4 Flashcards

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1
Q

Globalization

A

Force or process that involves the entire world and results in making something worldwide in scope

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2
Q

transnational corporation

A

conducts research, operates factories, and sells products in multiple countries

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3
Q

distribution

A

arrangement of a feature in space (are things numerous or scarce? close together or far apart?)

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4
Q

denisty

A

frequency in which something occurs in space
- 2 features: number of a feature and land area (a large number of a feature doesn’t always equal a large density)
- high population doesn’t always equal high poverty

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5
Q

concentration

A

extent of feature’s spread over space
- clustered = close together
- dispersed = far apart

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6
Q

pattern

A

geometric arrangement of objects in space
- many objects form linear distribution
- grid pattern

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7
Q

structuralist geography

A

how the powerful dominate society; how dominated groups occupy space; confrontations between groups

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8
Q

humanistic geography

A

emphasizes way that individuals form ideas about places and give them symbolic meanings

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9
Q

behavioral geography

A

emphasizes importance of understanding psychological basis of individual actions in space
- ex. distinctive spatial patterns are made by actions and attitudes of cultural groups and society

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10
Q

uneven development

A

the wealth gap between peripheral nations and core regions; has a lot to do with technology and is a result of hierarchical diffusion

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11
Q

core region

A

North America, Europe, Japan

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12
Q

peripheral nations

A

Africa, Asia, Latin America
- have large population and population growth but don’t have as advanced technology

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13
Q

assimilation

A

process in which a group’s cultural features are made to resemble those of another group
*The culture of one group can dominate the culture of another group

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14
Q

acculturation

A

changes in culture that result from groups meeting
*Groups retain their cultures

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15
Q

syncretism

A

combination of 2 groups into a new cultural feature
*Formation of a new culture

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16
Q

diffusion

A

process by which a feature spreads across space from one place to another (usually spread from a hearth)

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17
Q

hearth

A

where something (and innovation or idea) originates from
- ex. Covid’s hearth is Wuhan, China

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18
Q

relocation diffusion

A

spread of an idea through physical movement of people
- ex. Conquistadors bringing Spanish and European innovations and goods to the Americas

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19
Q

expansion diffusion

A

spread of a feature from one place to another in an additive process
- contagious
- hierarchical
- stimulus

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20
Q

contagious expansion diffusion

A

rapid widespread diffusion of a characteristic throughout the population
- ex. the flu, Covid, Islam spreading from Mecca

21
Q

hierarchical expansion diffusion

A

spread of ideas from a person of power to other people
- spread from politicians elites/influencers, corporations, etc.
- ex. clothing fads, hip-hop

22
Q

stimulus expansion diffusion

A

spread of underlying principle even if a characteristic refuses to spread
- ex. IPhone features going to other companies, McDonalds-Hindu

23
Q

network

A

a chain of communication that connects places
- ex. airline hubs

24
Q

distance decay

A

diminishing contact between people due to distance
- decreasing due to technology

25
Q

space-time compression

A

describes reduction in time it takes for something to reach another place
- makes it easier for us to know things sooner

26
Q

resource

A

a substance in an environment that’s useful to people, economically and technologically feasible to access, and acceptable to use.

27
Q

sustainability

A

use of resources so that they’ll be available in the future

28
Q

renewable resource

A

produced in nature faster than it’s consumed

29
Q

non-renewable resource

A

produced in nature slower than it’s consumed

30
Q

3 pillar of sustainability

A
  • environmental pillar
  • society pillar
  • economic pillar
31
Q

environmental pillar

A

conservation and preservation of resources

32
Q

conservation

A

sustainable use and management of earth’s resources
* compatible with development

33
Q

preservation

A

maintenance of resources in their present condition
*non-humancentric

34
Q

society pillar

A

society must make sustainable choices

35
Q

economic pillar

A

some goods don’t reflect their environmental price. Prices of resources depend on society’s technology.

36
Q

aibiotic

A
  • 3 systems of earth: atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere
  • systems composed of non-living or inorganic matter
37
Q

biotic

A
  • 1 system of earth: biosphere
  • system is composed of living organisms
38
Q

atmosphere

A
  • “atmo” = air
  • thin layer of gases surrounding earth
  • climate
  • breathable air
39
Q

hydrosphere

A
  • “hydro” = water
  • all water on and near earth’s surface
  • 97% of the world
40
Q

lithosphere

A
  • “litho” = stone
  • earth’s crust and a portion of upper mantle below the crust
  • earth = core, mantle, crust
  • mountain chains, continents, ocean basins
  • geomorphology = study of earth’s land-forms
  • use of topographic maps
41
Q

climate

A
  • long term average weather condition at a particular location
  • tracked by koppen system (5 climates; A->E)
    A = humid low latitude
    B = dry (divided by temperature and precipitation)
    C = warm mid-latitude
    D = cold mid-latitude
    E = polar
42
Q

biosphere

A
  • “bio” = life
  • all living organisms on earth (plants, animals, micro-organisms)
43
Q

ecosystem

A

a group of living organisms and the aibiotic sphere they interact with (ecology = study of ecosystems)

44
Q

erosion

A

occurs when soil washes away in the rain or is blown away. Farmers impact erosion and should avoid: farming on steep slopes, too much plowing, and using crops with shallow roots

45
Q

depletion of nutrients

A

when plants withdraw more nutrients then can be naturally created. Farmer need to plant different/rotate crops to renew soil resources.

46
Q

environmental determinism

A
  • Humboldt and Ritter
  • belief that physical environment causes social development
  • ex. climate (migration)
  • emphasizes use of natural science tools
47
Q

possibilism

A
  • the physical environment can limit human actions but people can change this
  • used by modern geographers
  • rejects environmental determinism
  • ex. crops, culture/social norms
48
Q

polder

A

land created from draining water from the area
- used for agriculture

Geography (8 decks)

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