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Geography > AP Human Geo 2 > Flashcards

AP Human Geo 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

overpopulation

A

when the number of people exceeds the capacity of the enviornment to support it at a decent standard of living

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2
Q

where is overpopulation a threat?

A

developing regions

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3
Q

census

A

most important data source for human geography

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4
Q

Why is the census controversial?

A
  1. not everyone participates (especially immigrants who may not speak the langauge or have citizenship)
  2. The sampling may not always be representative of the population; tends to be a favored tool by liberal politicians with diverse districts, but not for politicians with less diverse districts.
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5
Q

sampling

A

the use of random people made to represent a specific population

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6
Q

nonparticipation

A

when people do not participate in the census

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7
Q

7 regions of the world

A
  1. Americas, Greenland, and South Pacific (Australia and New Zeland)
  2. Africa
  3. Europe, the Middle East, and Russia
  4. East Asia and part of China
  5. India, Myanmar, Bangaladesh, and part of China
  6. Southeast Asia and part of China
  7. Part of China, Korea, Japan
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8
Q

4 clusters

A
  1. East Asia: 1/4 of the population; China, Koreas, Japan, Taiwan; most people live in urban areas
  2. South Asia: 1/4 of the population; India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka; most people live in rural areas by water and plains
  3. Europe: 4 dozen countries; 3/4 of residents live in cities, most live by water, coal mines (jobs in Germany and Belgium), and historic cities (London/Paris)
  4. Southeast Asia: Indonesia is 4th most populous country in the world; made up of thousands of islands; most people live in rural areas
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9
Q

ecumene

A

portion of the earth’s surface occupied by permanent human settlement

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10
Q

has ecumene increased or decreased?

A

increased

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11
Q

areas that are un-ecumene

A
  • dry land: 20% of the earth
  • wet lands: located closer to the equator
  • cold lands: north and south polls
  • high lands: mountains (most liveable by the equator)
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12
Q

arable land

A

land that is good for agriculture

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13
Q

arithmatic density

A

The total number of people by total land area (formula: population/land area)

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14
Q

physiological density

A

number of people supported by unit area of arable land

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15
Q

agricultural density

A

ratio of number of farmers per amount of arable land (accounts for economic differences)

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16
Q

natural increase rate (NIR)

A

percent by which a population grows annually (excludes migration)

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17
Q

doubling time

A

number of years needed to double a population

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18
Q

Has the number of people added each year increased or decreased?
Has the base population increased or decreased?

A
  • the number of people added has decreased
  • the base population has increased
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19
Q

life expectancy

A

average number of years someone is expected to live

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20
Q

life expectancy at birth

A

average number of years a newborn can expect to live

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21
Q

crude birth rate (CBR)

A

total number of live births per year for every 1,000 people alive in a society

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22
Q

where is CBR the highest?

A

sub-saharan Africa

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23
Q

where is CBR the lowest?

A

Europe

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24
Q

where is most NIR concentrated?

A

the developing world

25
Q

Is Europe’s NIR increasing or declining?

A

Declining

26
Q

demography

A

study of population characteristics

27
Q

total fertility rate

A

measures the number of births in a society and the average number of children a woman will have during the time where she can give birth
*predicts future of individual women

28
Q

demographic transition

A

process of change in a society’s population

29
Q

Stage 1:

A
  • low growth
  • very high cbr
  • very high cdr
  • very low nir
  • no country is at this stage anymore
30
Q

crude death rate (CDR)

A

total number of deaths per year for every 1,000 people alive in a society

31
Q

Do developing countries have a higher CDR than developed countries? Or vis versa?

A

developed countries have a higher CDR than developing countries

32
Q

Stage 2:

A
  • high growth
  • high cbr
  • rapidly declining cdr
  • very high NIR
  • North America and Europe were at this stage during the Industrial Revolution
  • the medical revolution has put developing countries at this stage
33
Q

Stage 3:

A
  • moderate growth
  • rapidly declining cbr
  • moderately declining cdr
  • moderate nir
34
Q

Stage 4:

A
  • low growth
  • very low cbr
  • low/slightly increasing cdr
  • zero/negative nir
  • zero population growth
35
Q

Is total population higher in stage 4 or 1?

A

stage 4

36
Q

sex ratio

A

number of males per 100 females in a population

37
Q

what is the standard sex ratio?

A

105 males:100 females

38
Q

gender selection

A
  • usually a cultural choice
  • big in China and India
  • 700,000 female babies are missing from China and India
39
Q

maternal mortality rate

A

The annual number of female deaths per 100,000 live births from any cause related to pregnancy and its management (except for accidents)

40
Q

population pyramid

A

a bar graph that displays the precent of a place’s population for ages and genders
- 5 year age gap (0-4)
- women are on the right and pink, men are on the left and blue

41
Q

dependency ratio

A

The number of people too young or too old to work compared to those who can

42
Q

will the dependency ratio in Europe or Africa be higher in the coming years?

A

Europe because of its aging population and lack of working population

43
Q

infant mortality rate

A

annual number of deaths of infants under the age of one compared to the total number of live births
(number of deaths per 1,000 births)

44
Q

elderly support ratio

A

the number of working age people (15-64) divided by the number of persons 65+

45
Q

why are there so many old people in Europe?

A
  • it spends more on healthcare
  • healthcare tends to be free
  • these countries spend a higher percent of wealth on their health care
  • there are more doctors, hospitals, and hospital beds
46
Q

epidemiology

A

the branch of science concerned with incidence, distribution, and control of diseases preduced by special causes

47
Q

epidemiologic transition

A

health threats in each stage of the DTM

48
Q

stage 1 E-DTM

A
  • infectious parasites
  • attacks by animals/people
  • natural checks on population
49
Q

stage 2 E-DTM

A
  • medicine is introduced (due to IR)
  • receding pandemics
  • sanitation is improved
  • nutrition is better
  • there’s over-crowding in cities (unsanitary and poor working conditions)
50
Q

stage 3 E-DTM

A
  • there’s a decrease in death
  • increase in chronic disorders that stems from an aging population
  • more heart attacks, cancers, old-person diseases
51
Q

stage 4 E-DTM

A
  • delayed degenerative diseases increase
  • better medicine keeps people alive longer
  • stronger health routine creates a healthier population
  • increased risk of health issues from a sedentary lifestyle (diabetes)
52
Q

stage 5 E-DTM

A
  • more diseases
  • evolution of diseases means that vaccines are less effective and genes lose their anti-bodies
  • increased poverty means less medicine and more unsanitary practices
  • pandemics are prevalent
53
Q

pandemics

A

disease spread over a wide geographic area affecting a large amount of the population (relocation diffusion)

54
Q

neo-malthusians

A

believe that there are too many people today and not enough food

55
Q

Maltheus theory

A

there will be so much overpopulation that there won’t be enough food to sustain everyone, causing chaos and the end of the world

56
Q

why is the maltheus theory wrong?

A
  • there may not be enough food, but the population is growing at a much slower rate than before and than predicted
  • there is enough food actually because of increased and mass food production
57
Q

Stage 5

A
  • very low CBR
  • increasing CDR
  • declining/negative NIR
  • women are choosing not to have kids
  • increased family planning
58
Q

one child policy

A

-1980
- chinese government promised benefits to families that only had one child (and penalties to those who had more than one)
- the government implemented family planning, resulting in increased gender selection
- China’s CBR and NIR dropped drastically
- Although the policy has been lifted, many continue to practice it

59
Q

how can CBR be lowered?

A
  • educating women (both sex-ed and regular educations as working women will prefer to maintain their career over having kids)
  • stronger healthcare allows more babies to live, causing women to have less children
  • increased contraception (cheaper and faster to spread than improving the economy)

Geography (8 decks)

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