AP Human Geo 2 Flashcards
overpopulation
when the number of people exceeds the capacity of the enviornment to support it at a decent standard of living
where is overpopulation a threat?
developing regions
census
most important data source for human geography
Why is the census controversial?
- not everyone participates (especially immigrants who may not speak the langauge or have citizenship)
- The sampling may not always be representative of the population; tends to be a favored tool by liberal politicians with diverse districts, but not for politicians with less diverse districts.
sampling
the use of random people made to represent a specific population
nonparticipation
when people do not participate in the census
7 regions of the world
- Americas, Greenland, and South Pacific (Australia and New Zeland)
- Africa
- Europe, the Middle East, and Russia
- East Asia and part of China
- India, Myanmar, Bangaladesh, and part of China
- Southeast Asia and part of China
- Part of China, Korea, Japan
4 clusters
- East Asia: 1/4 of the population; China, Koreas, Japan, Taiwan; most people live in urban areas
- South Asia: 1/4 of the population; India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka; most people live in rural areas by water and plains
- Europe: 4 dozen countries; 3/4 of residents live in cities, most live by water, coal mines (jobs in Germany and Belgium), and historic cities (London/Paris)
- Southeast Asia: Indonesia is 4th most populous country in the world; made up of thousands of islands; most people live in rural areas
ecumene
portion of the earth’s surface occupied by permanent human settlement
has ecumene increased or decreased?
increased
areas that are un-ecumene
- dry land: 20% of the earth
- wet lands: located closer to the equator
- cold lands: north and south polls
- high lands: mountains (most liveable by the equator)
arable land
land that is good for agriculture
arithmatic density
The total number of people by total land area (formula: population/land area)
physiological density
number of people supported by unit area of arable land
agricultural density
ratio of number of farmers per amount of arable land (accounts for economic differences)
natural increase rate (NIR)
percent by which a population grows annually (excludes migration)
doubling time
number of years needed to double a population
Has the number of people added each year increased or decreased?
Has the base population increased or decreased?
- the number of people added has decreased
- the base population has increased
life expectancy
average number of years someone is expected to live
life expectancy at birth
average number of years a newborn can expect to live
crude birth rate (CBR)
total number of live births per year for every 1,000 people alive in a society
where is CBR the highest?
sub-saharan Africa
where is CBR the lowest?
Europe
where is most NIR concentrated?
the developing world
Is Europe’s NIR increasing or declining?
Declining
demography
study of population characteristics
total fertility rate
measures the number of births in a society and the average number of children a woman will have during the time where she can give birth
*predicts future of individual women
demographic transition
process of change in a society’s population
Stage 1:
- low growth
- very high cbr
- very high cdr
- very low nir
- no country is at this stage anymore
crude death rate (CDR)
total number of deaths per year for every 1,000 people alive in a society
Do developing countries have a higher CDR than developed countries? Or vis versa?
developed countries have a higher CDR than developing countries
Stage 2:
- high growth
- high cbr
- rapidly declining cdr
- very high NIR
- North America and Europe were at this stage during the Industrial Revolution
- the medical revolution has put developing countries at this stage
Stage 3:
- moderate growth
- rapidly declining cbr
- moderately declining cdr
- moderate nir
Stage 4:
- low growth
- very low cbr
- low/slightly increasing cdr
- zero/negative nir
- zero population growth
Is total population higher in stage 4 or 1?
stage 4
sex ratio
number of males per 100 females in a population
what is the standard sex ratio?
105 males:100 females
gender selection
- usually a cultural choice
- big in China and India
- 700,000 female babies are missing from China and India
maternal mortality rate
The annual number of female deaths per 100,000 live births from any cause related to pregnancy and its management (except for accidents)
population pyramid
a bar graph that displays the precent of a place’s population for ages and genders
- 5 year age gap (0-4)
- women are on the right and pink, men are on the left and blue
dependency ratio
The number of people too young or too old to work compared to those who can
will the dependency ratio in Europe or Africa be higher in the coming years?
Europe because of its aging population and lack of working population
infant mortality rate
annual number of deaths of infants under the age of one compared to the total number of live births
(number of deaths per 1,000 births)
elderly support ratio
the number of working age people (15-64) divided by the number of persons 65+
why are there so many old people in Europe?
- it spends more on healthcare
- healthcare tends to be free
- these countries spend a higher percent of wealth on their health care
- there are more doctors, hospitals, and hospital beds
epidemiology
the branch of science concerned with incidence, distribution, and control of diseases preduced by special causes
epidemiologic transition
health threats in each stage of the DTM
stage 1 E-DTM
- infectious parasites
- attacks by animals/people
- natural checks on population
stage 2 E-DTM
- medicine is introduced (due to IR)
- receding pandemics
- sanitation is improved
- nutrition is better
- there’s over-crowding in cities (unsanitary and poor working conditions)
stage 3 E-DTM
- there’s a decrease in death
- increase in chronic disorders that stems from an aging population
- more heart attacks, cancers, old-person diseases
stage 4 E-DTM
- delayed degenerative diseases increase
- better medicine keeps people alive longer
- stronger health routine creates a healthier population
- increased risk of health issues from a sedentary lifestyle (diabetes)
stage 5 E-DTM
- more diseases
- evolution of diseases means that vaccines are less effective and genes lose their anti-bodies
- increased poverty means less medicine and more unsanitary practices
- pandemics are prevalent
pandemics
disease spread over a wide geographic area affecting a large amount of the population (relocation diffusion)
neo-malthusians
believe that there are too many people today and not enough food
Maltheus theory
there will be so much overpopulation that there won’t be enough food to sustain everyone, causing chaos and the end of the world
why is the maltheus theory wrong?
- there may not be enough food, but the population is growing at a much slower rate than before and than predicted
- there is enough food actually because of increased and mass food production
Stage 5
- very low CBR
- increasing CDR
- declining/negative NIR
- women are choosing not to have kids
- increased family planning
one child policy
-1980
- chinese government promised benefits to families that only had one child (and penalties to those who had more than one)
- the government implemented family planning, resulting in increased gender selection
- China’s CBR and NIR dropped drastically
- Although the policy has been lifted, many continue to practice it
how can CBR be lowered?
- educating women (both sex-ed and regular educations as working women will prefer to maintain their career over having kids)
- stronger healthcare allows more babies to live, causing women to have less children
- increased contraception (cheaper and faster to spread than improving the economy)
