AP Human Geo 3 Flashcards
migration
permanent move to a new location
*type of relocation diffusion
mobility
general term covering all types of movement from one place to another
circulation
short term, repetitive, cyclical movements that recur regularly
seasonal mobility
movement based on changing seasons (such as snow bunnies)
emigration
migration from a location
immigration
migration to a location
net migration
different between number of immigrants and number of emigrants
net in-migration
positive net migration where there are more immigrants than emigrants
net out-migration
negative net migration where there are more emigrants than immigrants`
3 objectives of migration
- economic opportunity
- cultural freedom
- enviornmental comfort
Ravenstein’s laws of migration
- how much distance does someone move?
- why do people move?
- who exactly is moving?
- most migrants will relocate a short distance (intraregional instead of inter)
- long distance migrants move to hubs of economic activity
- people migrate for economic and cultural reasons
where are the largest flows of migrants from and to?
- Latin America to North America
- South Asia to Europe
- South Asia to Southwest Asia
what areas have net in-migration?
- North America
- europe
- Southwest Asia
- the South Pacific
what areas have net out-migration?
- Africa
- Latin America
- all parts of Asia expect for Southwest Asia
what percent of the world are migrants?
3%
which location has the largest flow of immigrants anywhere in the world?
Mexico to the U.S
where are the highest immigration rates found?
Southwest Asia
international migration
permanent migration from one country to another (voluntary or forced)
migration transition
change in migration pattern based on demographic transition model (social and economic change)
- international migration is found in stage 2
- internal migration is found in stages 3 and 4
voluntary migration
migrants choose to move (usually for economic or environmental reasons)
*can feel forced
forced migration
migrants are forced to move by cultural/enviornmental reasons
internal migration
permanent move within the same country
- more numerous
- either interregional or intraregional
interregional migration
moving from one region of a country to another (ex. rural Iowa to NYC)
intraregional migration
movement in one region (DC -> Bethesda)
3 main eras of U.S. immigration
- Colonial immigration
- European immigration (19-20th century)
- Asia and Latin America (20th-21st century)
colonial immigration (U.S)
- Europeans (62%)
- 45-50% from UK
- 38% from Sub-Saharan Africa (slaves)
European migration
- 120-1920
- 90% from Europe
- came for economic prosperity
- 1840-50: Irish and Germans made up 3/4 of the migrants (economic issues and political unrest)
- 1870: resumes immigration post civil war (mostly Germans)
- 1880: scandanavia (IR cause increase in population)
-1905-14: southern and eastern europeans made up 2/3 of total migrants due to the IR - WWI & Great Depression: pause in immigration
- 1950-today: Latin American and Asia migrants make up 3/4 of total migrants
a) 13 million from Latin America, 7 million from Asia
b) most from L.A. are from Mexico
c) most from Asia are from China, India, Vietnam, and the Philiphines
population center
average location of everyone in a country
migration in the U.S.
- 1790: colonists stay on the coast for trade; too hard to go over Appalachin mountains
- 1840: Lousiana Purchase
- 1850-90: population center shifts west due to gold rush (skip great plains–deemed unlivable)
- 1900-40: government incentivized people to move to the Great Plains; increased railroad expansion; better farming practices for GP climate
- 1950-2010: movement west once again; people are moving south due to more jobs and better climate
interregional migration in Canada
- east to west
- high net in-migration: Alberta and British Columbia
- hifh net out-migration: Ontario
interregional migration in Russia
- more people choose to live west due to proximity to Europe
- The government incentivizes people to move further east for jobs
- many factories are located towards the east because that’s where the resources are (labor migration)
interregional migration in China
- movement from rural interior to factories on the coast
- migration used to be heavily restricted, but is now loosening up
interregional migration in Brazil
- movement from coasts to the interior (more quiet lifestyle - tends to be wealthier people)
rural to urban migration
- seen in most areas around the world
- became popular in the 1800s during the IR
- push factor: declining economic opportunities
- pull factor: service and factory jobs
- changes rates all the time
urban to suburban migration
- suburbinization
- seen in developed countries
- pull factor: better life (safer towns, better schools, more space) with access to major cities
- negatively impacts farmers
urban to rural migration
- seen in developed countries
- caused by rapid urbanization of suburbs
- pull factor: slower life
- Now, it’s easy to stay connected to everyone making rural life not as isolated
push factor
induces people to move out of their location
pull facotr
induces people to move into a new location
refugee
someone who has been forced to migrate to another country because of a conflict and can’t return out of fear of persecution due to race, religion, ehtnicity, nationality, social group, etc
internally displaced person
someone who has been forced to migrate for political reasons but does not move internationally
asylum seeker
someone who has migrated to another country with the hope of being recognized as a refugee
In 2014, where were the largest groups of refugees coming from?
Afghanistan (Taliban) and Syria (Civil War)
trail of tears
A mass forced migration that uprooted Native Americans and moved them west to reservations (thousands died during the journey and on the reservations)
where do migrants tend to go?
- warm areas
- areas with water sources (beaches, lakes,etc)
- mountanous regions
what is the biggest enviornmental factor that causes migration?
water!! (either too much or too little)
floodplain
An area subject to flooding for a specific number of years (based on historical trends)
desertification (or semi-arid land degradation)
deterioration of land to desert-like conditions (due to human action)
intervening object
an enviornmental or politcal feature that hinders migration
Is it easier to migrate to a country as an immigrant or labor migrant?
refugee
where do most migrant workers come from?
South and East Asia
(tend to go to other Asian countries or the U.S)
remittance
transfer of money by migrant workers to people in the country they emigrated from
(many countries rely on remittances but some countries charge to send remittances)
who tend to migrate?
- women (55% overall)
- in Southeast and East Asia, women make up 50% of migrants
- women go to places where they are allowed in the workforce
- wives may want to join husbands
- male migrants outnumber female migrants in developing countries
- U.S migrants tend to be ages 20-39
- immigrants are more likely to be 65+ in developing countries
- children under 20 make up 21% of immigrants in U.s
- 90% of indocumented immigrants are boys 12-17
4 types of immigration polices
- ones that maintain the current level of immigration
- ones that increase immigrationz (example: ex-communist countries)
- ones that decrease immigration (example: southwest Asia and Africa)
- no policy
unauthorized migrants (undocmented immigrants/illegal aliens)
those who enter a country without the proper documents to do so
Undocumented Latino Immigrants in the U.S.
- tend to live in CA or TX (NV has highest percent)
- 50% are from Mexico (50% are divided between other countries)
- 1 million are children (many babies of undocumented immigrants are born in the U.S)
- stay for longer periods of time
- make up 5% of U.S workforce (blue collar)
quota
maximum limits on the number of immigrants who could go to the U.S. in a one year period
U.S Quotas
- quota act of 1921
- 1924: national origins act = those who immigrate must have 2% of their people in the U.S each year (easy for europeans)
- 1965: individual country quotas (170,000 from Eastern hemisphere, 120,000 from western hemishpere)
- 1978: global quota of 290,000 (20,000 max per country)
- 1990: global quota raised to 750,000
what types of migrants come to the U.S?
- family reunification (3/4 of migrants)
- skilled workers
- diversity (lottery to allow people from countries that don’t send many immigrants)
- refugees and family members of citizens are admitted with out limit
brain drain
the large scale emigration of talented people
chain migration
migration of people to a specific location due to realtives or members of the same nationality who reviously migrated there
U.S/Mexican Border conflict
- most Americans support a path to citizenship for immigrants who cross the border
- Americans want stricter border control, but don’t want tax payer money to go to hiring more officers or building fences
- many workplace raids even though migrants do the jobs that Americans don’t want
- Americans prefer for undocumented immigrants to be deported, but don’t want to obstruct their civil rights
- A majority of Americans believe migrant control is a federal issue (except for border states)
- Arizona and Alabama have some of the strictest migrant laws
sanctuary states
states that aid undocmented immigrants
guest worker
immigrants of poor countries immigrate temporarily to work (term is no longer used in Europe)
*popular in 1960s-70s
what percent of people in North America are foreign born?
- 13% in Canada
- 21% in U.S
what does immigration look like in europe?
- Western Europe has high net in-migration
- Eastern Europe has high net out-migration
- prior to 2014, most migrants came from countries close by; now, many come from Syria, Afghanistan, and Africa
- High anti-immigrant sentiment in Europe
what percent of people in Europe are foreign born?
8%
