AP Human Geo Chapter 10/11 Flashcards
development
process of improving the conditions of people through diffusion of knowledge and technology
developed country
MDC; has progressed further on the development continuum
developing country
LDC; made some progress toward development
human development index
measures level of development (high development = 100)
1) decent standard of living
2) access to knowledge
3) long and healthy life
* gap between MDCs and LDCs has shrunk
Different regions from most developed to least
1) North America
2) Europe (Russia isn’t as high as rest of Europe but is higher than Asian countries)
3) Latin America
4) East Asia (Japan and South Korea are separate as they are more developed)
5) Southwest Asia and North Africa
6) Central Asia and Southeast Asia
7) South Asia
8) Sub-Saharan Africa
*South Pacific is not listed to highly developed New Zealand and Australia and not so developed islands
gross national income
value of output of goods and services produced in a country in a year, including money that leaves and enters the country
* increased more rapidly in LDCs
Gross Domestic product
same as GNI but doesn’t account for money leaving/entering the country
*per capita measures average mean wealth (not distribution)
purchasing power parity (PPP)
adjustment to GNI to account for cost differences per country (ex. euro to USD)
5 sectors of industry
1) primary sector: extracting raw material through agriculture, mining, etc
2) secondary sector: manufacturers that turn raw materials into products
3) tertiary sector: service industry (ex. sales, banking, etc)
4) quaternary sector: specialized tertiary jobs in knowledge sector (ex. teachers, gov, etc)
5) quintary sector: creation, re-arrangement of new and existing ideas (gold collar); ex. ceos, research scientists, etc.
productivity
value of a particular product compared to amount of labor needed to make it (MDCs are more productive since they can make more with less effort)
value added
gross value of a product minus costs of raw material and energy
years of schooling for today’s adults
number of years that average person 25+ in a country has spent in school (11.5 years in MDCs & 4.7 years in LDCs on average)
years of schooling for today’s youth
number of years that the average 5 year old is expected to spend in school (16.3 years in MDCs & 9.3 years in sub-saharan Africa & 10.2 years in South Asia on average)
pupil/teacher ratio
number of enrolled students divided by number of teachers
literacy rate
percent of country who can read and write
average life expectancy at birth
80 years in MDCs, 57 years in LDCs, and 71 years on average globally
most popular consumer goods around the world
- telephones
- motor-vehicles
- computers
inequality adjusted human development index
modifies HDI to account for inequality within a country
- larger difference between HDI and IHDI = more inequality
- LDCs have larger scores
gender related development index
measures gender gap in the level of achievement for the 3 dimensions of the HDI (equal =1)
gender inequality index
measures the gender gap in level of achievement in reproductive health, empowerment, and labor market (unequal = 1)
why does the US have such a high GII?
- high adolescent pregnancy rates
- high child mortality rates
- low percentage of women in the legislature
empowerment
ability of women to achieve improvements in their own status. measured in seats held by women in the legislature and percent of women who have completed secondary school
*Rwanda has most women in congress
female labor force participation rate
percent of women with a full time hob outside of the home (higher in MDCs)
maternal mortality rate
number of women who die giving birth per 100,000 births (higher in LDCs - highest in Sub-Saharan Africa)
adolescent fertility rate
number of births per 1,000 women ages 15 to 19
Wallerstein’s world systems theory (aka core-periphery model)
division of the world’s countries into a global economic core, semi-periphery, and periphery
- core: dominant capitalist countries that exploit periphery countries for their raw material and labor
- semi-periphery: newly industrialized countries (BRICS)
- periphery: least developed countries exploited by core
what obstacles impact development in LDCs?
- making policies that promote development
- finding funds to promote development
self sufficiency path to development
- all about keeping things domestic
- limit imports (tariffs, quotas, need license to buy foreign goods)
- isolation of local businesses from international corporations
- equal investment to all sectors of the economy and regions
- rural wages are similar to urban wages
- ex. India
international trade path to development
- selling/trading unique goods at high quality for cheap labor
-increase in trade, faster than wealth - sale of raw materials to developed countries = increased funds to LDCs
- exposure to demands/needs of the markets to keep up with competition
Rostow’s stages of economic growth
- optimistic model of economic growth that assumes all countries will go through 5 stages of development to eventually become an MDC (assumes every country can reach this level)
1) traditional society: limited technology; static society; primary sector; wealth is in military/religion
2) preconditions for takeoff: infrastructure starts being built by the elite; innovative economic activities; investment in agriculture
3) takeoff: secondary sector; industrial revolution; creation of modern institutions
4) drive to maturity: develop a wider industrial/commercial base; technology spreads; specialized labor
5) age of mass consumption: heavy industry shifts to consumer goods; tertiary sector
4 Asian dragons
- South Korea, Singapore, Taiwan, Hong Kong
- lack natural resources
- focused on producing technology and clothes at low labor costs
petroleum rich Arabian peninsula states
- Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, UAE, Oman, and Bahrain
- petroleum is used to finance large scale projects
world trade organization
- 164 members
- regulation of trade in goods, services, and intellectual property between participating countries by providing a framework for negotiating trade agreements and a dispute resolution process
- aims to reduce trade barriers
- criticized for interests of large corporations
- shows global interdependence
foreign direct investment
investment made by foreign company in economy of another country
- only 1/3 went to LDCs
world bank
- reduces poverty through financial assistance
- biased to MDCs
- international bank for reconstruction and development (IBRD) gives funds to develop legal and governmental institutions, develop/grow financial institutions, and make infrastructure and social service projects (money comes from sales and bonds to private investors)
- international development association gives loans to countries too risky for IBRD (money comes form gov)
international monetary fund
gives loands to countries with balance of payments used to help rebuild reserves, stabilize currency exchange, and pay for imports
- investment goes to infrastructure
- biased to MDCs
stimulus stragtegy
during economic downturn, govs should spend more than taxes and increase infrastructure projects
austerity strategy
gov reduce takes and people/businesses must spend tax savings on the economy
microfinance
provision of small loans and financial services to individuals and small businesses in developing countries that can’t obtain loans from commercial banks
fair trade
international trade that provides greater equity to workers, small businesses and consumers (1/3 of price goes to producer, fair wages and benefits for employers, and direct connection of costumers and workers)
cooperative stores
member owned/governed stores that operate for benefit of its members according to common principles agreed on by international cooperative community
sustainable development goals
reduce disparities between LDCs and MDCs
hearth of modern industry
UK in the late 1700s
- steam engine was created in 1769
cottage industry
home-based manufacturing
which industries were most impacted by the industrial revolution?
- iron
- transportation (more laborers and shipping)
- textiles (mechanized)
- chemicals (could bleach and dye things faster)
- food processing (canned goods = more factory workers)
animate power
power supplied by animals and people
biomass fuel
power created from burning raw material or converting them to charcoal, methane, or alcohol
- wood, plant material, animal waste
fossil fuel
- energy source formed from the residue of plants and animals buried millions of years ago
- 5/6 of world’s energy comes from coal, petroleum, and natural gas
industrial regions
- North America: used to big on the East Coast US and Southeast Canada, now big in South US and LA and Mexico along the border
- Europe: 1st to industrialize; major centers in Russia and Germany
- East Asia: started with Japan, China is the leading manufacturer
- China, US, and Japan account for 1/2 the world’s industrial output
situation factors
transporting material to and from factories (meant to minimize transportation costs)
site factors
unique characteristics of a location - Labor: more expensive to manufacture goods in an MDC due to high wages
- Capital: for new industry to expand, people need loans (from MDCs)
- Land: now mostly in rural areas cheap and more space) and by highways
proximity to inputs
plants are closer to inputs if cost of transporting raw materials is greater than cost of transporting products to consumers