AP EURO UNIT 4

Question 1

Copernicus

Answer 1

Copernicus: Polish astronomer who proposed the heliocentric theory, challenging the geocentric model.

Question 2

Tycho Brahe

Answer 2

Tycho Brahe: Danish astronomer known for his accurate astronomical observations.

Question 3

Galileo

Answer 3

Galileo: Italian physicist and astronomer known for his telescopic discoveries and support for the heliocentric model.

Question 4

Johannes Kepler

Answer 4

Johannes Kepler: German astronomer who formulated the laws of planetary motion.

Question 5

Newton

Answer 5

Newton: English mathematician and physicist who formulated the laws of motion and universal gravitation.

Question 6

Francis Bacon

Answer 6

Francis Bacon: English philosopher and statesman known for his advocacy of the scientific method.

Question 7

Rene Descartes

Answer 7

Rene Descartes: French philosopher and mathematician famous for his dualism and analytical geometry.

Question 8

The Enlightenment

Answer 8

The Enlightenment: Intellectual movement in Europe characterized by reason, science, and individual rights.

Question 9

Bernard de Fontenelle

Answer 9

Bernard de Fontenelle: French author known for popularizing science through his writings.

Question 10

Pierre Bayle

Answer 10

Pierre Bayle: French philosopher and critic known for his skepticism and defense of religious tolerance.

Question 11

Skepticism

Answer 11

Skepticism: Philosophical position questioning the possibility of certain knowledge.

Question 12

John Locke

Answer 12

John Locke: English philosopher whose ideas influenced modern liberalism and empiricism.

Question 13

Montesquieu

Answer 13

Montesquieu: French political philosopher known for his theory of separation of powers.

Question 14

Voltaire

Answer 14

Francois Marie Arouet (Voltaire): French philosopher and writer known for his advocacy of freedom of speech and religion.

Question 15

Madame du Chatelet

Answer 15

Madame du Châtelet: French mathematician and physicist known for her translation and commentary on Newton’s Principia.

Question 16

Denis Diderot

Answer 16

Denis Diderot: French philosopher and writer who edited the Encyclopédie, a comprehensive compilation of human knowledge.

Question 17

Rousseau

Answer 17

Rousseau: Genevan philosopher known for his social contract theory and advocacy of direct democracy.

Question 18

Baron Paul d’Holbach

Answer 18

Baron Paul d’Holbach: French-German philosopher and encyclopedist known for his atheism and materialism.

Question 19

Salon

Answer 19

Salon: Informal gatherings in Enlightenment-era France where intellectuals discussed ideas.

Question 20

Mary Wollstonecraft

Answer 20

Mary Wollstonecraft: English writer and early feminist known for her advocacy of women’s rights.

Question 21

Frederick the Great of Prussia

Answer 21

Frederick the Great of Prussia: Prussian king known for his patronage of the arts and Enlightenment ideals.

Question 22

Catherine the Great of Russia

Answer 22

Catherine the Great of Russia: Russian empress known for her patronage of the arts and Enlightenment reforms.

Question 23

Joseph II Austria

Answer 23

Joseph II of Austria: Holy Roman Emperor known for his enlightened absolutist reforms.

Question 24

Moses Mendelssohn

Answer 24

Moses Mendelssohn: German Jewish philosopher known for his contributions to the Haskalah, or Jewish Enlightenment.

Question 25

Open field system

Answer 25

Open field system: Traditional agricultural system in Europe characterized by communal land use.

Question 26

Agricultural revolution

Answer 26

Agricultural revolution: Period of technological innovation and increased agricultural productivity.

Question 27

Enclosure

Answer 27

Enclosure: Process of consolidating and fencing off common lands into individual property.

Question 28

Cottage Industry

Answer 28

Cottage industry: Production system in which goods are produced at home by individuals or small groups.

Question 29

Putting out system

Answer 29

Putting-out system: System of merchant-capitalists contracting rural workers for textile production.

Question 30

Proletarianization

Answer 30

Proletarianization: Process by which individuals become part of the working class, typically in industrial societies.

Question 31

Textile

Answer 31

Textile: Fabric or cloth produced by weaving or knitting.

Question 32

Mercantilism

Answer 32

Mercantilism: Economic theory advocating state control of trade for national wealth.

Question 33

Navigation Acts

Answer 33

Navigation Acts: English laws restricting colonial trade to benefit the mother country.

Question 34

Seven Years War

Answer 34

Seven Years' War: Global conflict fought between 1756 and 1763 involving major European powers.

Question 35

Atlantic Slave Trade

Answer 35

Atlantic Slave Trade: Transatlantic trading system involving the forced transportation of enslaved Africans.

Question 36

Olaudah Equiano

Answer 36

Olaudah Equiano: Prominent African involved in the British abolitionist movement.

Question 37

Creoles

Answer 37

Creoles: People of European descent born in the Americas.

Question 38

Debt peonage

Answer 38

Debt peonage: System where laborers are bound to work to pay off debt to employers.

Question 39

Mestizos

Answer 39

Mestizos: People of mixed European and indigenous American ancestry.

Question 40

Adam Smith

Answer 40

Adam Smith: Scottish economist known as the father of modern economics for his work "The Wealth of Nations."

Question 41

Laissez-faire

Answer 41

Laissez-faire: Economic policy advocating minimal government intervention in markets.

Question 42

Economic liberalism

Answer 42

Economic liberalism: Political and economic philosophy emphasizing individual liberty and free markets.

Question 43

Wet-nursing

Answer 43

Wet-nursing: Practice of breastfeeding another woman's child.

Question 44

Infanticide

Answer 44

Infanticide: Killing of infants, often due to poverty or social stigma.

Question 45

Pietism

Answer 45

Pietism: Protestant movement emphasizing individual piety and religious experience.

Question 46

Methodists

Answer 46

Methodists: Protestant denomination emphasizing personal holiness and evangelicalism.

Question 47

Blood Sports

Answer 47

Blood sports: Entertainment involving the injuring or killing of animals, such as bullfighting or cockfighting.

Question 48

Carnival

Answer 48

Carnival: Festive season preceding Lent, characterized by revelry and celebration.

Question 49

Madam du Coudray

Answer 49

Madame du Coudray: French midwife known for her influential obstetrics manual.

Question 50

Illegitimacy explosion

Answer 50

Illegitimacy explosion: Increase in births outside of marriage, often due to changing social norms and economic factors.