AP EURO UNIT 4 Flashcards
Copernicus
Copernicus: Polish astronomer who proposed the heliocentric theory, challenging the geocentric model.
Tycho Brahe
Tycho Brahe: Danish astronomer known for his accurate astronomical observations.
Galileo
Galileo: Italian physicist and astronomer known for his telescopic discoveries and support for the heliocentric model.
Johannes Kepler
Johannes Kepler: German astronomer who formulated the laws of planetary motion.
Newton
Newton: English mathematician and physicist who formulated the laws of motion and universal gravitation.
Francis Bacon
Francis Bacon: English philosopher and statesman known for his advocacy of the scientific method.
Rene Descartes
Rene Descartes: French philosopher and mathematician famous for his dualism and analytical geometry.
The Enlightenment
The Enlightenment: Intellectual movement in Europe characterized by reason, science, and individual rights.
Bernard de Fontenelle
Bernard de Fontenelle: French author known for popularizing science through his writings.
Pierre Bayle
Pierre Bayle: French philosopher and critic known for his skepticism and defense of religious tolerance.
Skepticism
Skepticism: Philosophical position questioning the possibility of certain knowledge.
John Locke
John Locke: English philosopher whose ideas influenced modern liberalism and empiricism.
Montesquieu
Montesquieu: French political philosopher known for his theory of separation of powers.
Voltaire
Francois Marie Arouet (Voltaire): French philosopher and writer known for his advocacy of freedom of speech and religion.
Madame du Chatelet
Madame du Châtelet: French mathematician and physicist known for her translation and commentary on Newton’s Principia.
Denis Diderot
Denis Diderot: French philosopher and writer who edited the Encyclopédie, a comprehensive compilation of human knowledge.
Rousseau
Rousseau: Genevan philosopher known for his social contract theory and advocacy of direct democracy.
Baron Paul d’Holbach
Baron Paul d’Holbach: French-German philosopher and encyclopedist known for his atheism and materialism.
Salon
Salon: Informal gatherings in Enlightenment-era France where intellectuals discussed ideas.
Mary Wollstonecraft
Mary Wollstonecraft: English writer and early feminist known for her advocacy of women’s rights.
Frederick the Great of Prussia
Frederick the Great of Prussia: Prussian king known for his patronage of the arts and Enlightenment ideals.
Catherine the Great of Russia
Catherine the Great of Russia: Russian empress known for her patronage of the arts and Enlightenment reforms.
Joseph II Austria
Joseph II of Austria: Holy Roman Emperor known for his enlightened absolutist reforms.
Moses Mendelssohn
Moses Mendelssohn: German Jewish philosopher known for his contributions to the Haskalah, or Jewish Enlightenment.
Open field system
Open field system: Traditional agricultural system in Europe characterized by communal land use.
Agricultural revolution
Agricultural revolution: Period of technological innovation and increased agricultural productivity.
Enclosure
Enclosure: Process of consolidating and fencing off common lands into individual property.
Cottage Industry
Cottage industry: Production system in which goods are produced at home by individuals or small groups.
Putting out system
Putting-out system: System of merchant-capitalists contracting rural workers for textile production.
Proletarianization
Proletarianization: Process by which individuals become part of the working class, typically in industrial societies.
Textile
Textile: Fabric or cloth produced by weaving or knitting.
Mercantilism
Mercantilism: Economic theory advocating state control of trade for national wealth.
Navigation Acts
Navigation Acts: English laws restricting colonial trade to benefit the mother country.
Seven Years War
Seven Years’ War: Global conflict fought between 1756 and 1763 involving major European powers.
Atlantic Slave Trade
Atlantic Slave Trade: Transatlantic trading system involving the forced transportation of enslaved Africans.
Olaudah Equiano
Olaudah Equiano: Prominent African involved in the British abolitionist movement.
Creoles
Creoles: People of European descent born in the Americas.
Debt peonage
Debt peonage: System where laborers are bound to work to pay off debt to employers.
Mestizos
Mestizos: People of mixed European and indigenous American ancestry.
Adam Smith
Adam Smith: Scottish economist known as the father of modern economics for his work “The Wealth of Nations.”
Laissez-faire
Laissez-faire: Economic policy advocating minimal government intervention in markets.
Economic liberalism
Economic liberalism: Political and economic philosophy emphasizing individual liberty and free markets.
Wet-nursing
Wet-nursing: Practice of breastfeeding another woman’s child.
Infanticide
Infanticide: Killing of infants, often due to poverty or social stigma.
Pietism
Pietism: Protestant movement emphasizing individual piety and religious experience.
Methodists
Methodists: Protestant denomination emphasizing personal holiness and evangelicalism.
Blood Sports
Blood sports: Entertainment involving the injuring or killing of animals, such as bullfighting or cockfighting.
Carnival
Carnival: Festive season preceding Lent, characterized by revelry and celebration.
Madam du Coudray
Madame du Coudray: French midwife known for her influential obstetrics manual.
Illegitimacy explosion
Illegitimacy explosion: Increase in births outside of marriage, often due to changing social norms and economic factors.
