AP EURO UNIT 1 Flashcards
Renaissance
Renaissance: A period in European history known for its revival of art, culture, and intellectual pursuits, spanning roughly from the 14th to the 17th century.
Cosimo de Medici
Cosimo de Medici: A prominent Florentine banker and statesman who effectively ruled Florence during the Italian Renaissance.
Lorenzo de Medici
Lorenzo de Medici: Also known as Lorenzo the Magnificent, he was a ruler of Florence and a prominent patron of arts and literature during the Renaissance.
Manuel Chrysolares
Manuel Chrysolares: A Greek scholar and translator who worked during the Renaissance, particularly known for translating Greek texts into Latin.
Petrarch
Petrarch: An Italian scholar and poet considered one of the earliest humanists and a significant figure in the Renaissance for his rediscovery of classical texts.
Dante
Dante: An Italian poet whose Divine Comedy is considered one of the greatest literary works of the Middle Ages and an important precursor to the Renaissance.
Boccaccio
Boccaccio: An Italian writer and humanist known for his works, including the Decameron, which influenced Renaissance literature.
Castiglione
Castiglione: An Italian author and diplomat whose work “The Book of the Courtier” is a key text of Renaissance humanism, offering advice on the ideal courtier.
Pico Della Mirandola
Pico della Mirandola: An Italian philosopher and humanist known for his Oration on the Dignity of Man, which reflects Renaissance ideals of human potential.
Lorenzo Valla
Lorenzo Valla: An Italian humanist and philologist known for his textual criticism and his exposure of the Donation of Constantine as a forgery.
Galen
Galen: An ancient Greek physician whose works on medicine were influential throughout the Renaissance.
Andreas Vesalius
Andreas Vesalius: A Flemish anatomist known for his groundbreaking work on human anatomy, “De humani corporis fabrica,” during the Renaissance.
Isabella d’Este
Isabella d’Este: An Italian noblewoman and patron of the arts, known for her role in the cultural and political life of Renaissance Italy.
Machiavelli
Machiavelli: An Italian diplomat, philosopher, and writer known for his political treatise “The Prince,” which explores realistic approaches to governance.
Charles V (Habsburg)
Charles V (Habsburg): Holy Roman Emperor and ruler of the Habsburg Empire during the Renaissance, known for his vast territorial holdings and conflicts with other European powers.
Inquisition
Inquisition: A series of institutions within the Catholic Church, established during the Renaissance, to combat heresy and enforce religious orthodoxy.
Erasmus
Erasmus: A Dutch humanist and theologian known for his scholarly works and critiques of Church corruption during the Renaissance.
Thomas More
Thomas More: An English lawyer, philosopher, and statesman known for his work “Utopia,” which critiques society and explores ideal governance.
Giotto
Giotto: An Italian painter and architect known for his contributions to Renaissance art, particularly his frescoes and innovations in depicting three-dimensional space.
Masaccio
Masaccio: An Italian painter known for his frescoes and contributions to the development of perspective in Renaissance art.
Donatello
Donatello: An Italian sculptor known for his innovations in the depiction of the human form and his contributions to Renaissance sculpture.
Leonardo da Vinci
Leonardo da Vinci: An Italian polymath known for his expertise in various fields, including painting, anatomy, engineering, and invention, during the Renaissance.
Raphael
Raphael: An Italian painter and architect known for his graceful compositions and contributions to High Renaissance art.
Michelangelo
Michelangelo: An Italian sculptor, painter, and architect known for his monumental works, including the Sistine Chapel ceiling and the statue of David.
Jan Van Eyck
Jan Van Eyck: A Flemish painter known for his realistic portrayal of subjects and his contributions to Northern Renaissance art.
Communes
Communes: Medieval European towns or cities that were granted special privileges, often allowing them self-government and independence from feudal lords.
Popolo
Popolo: In medieval Italy, the common people or the lower classes, often associated with urban revolts and struggles for political power.
Signori
Signori: Italian rulers or lords who governed city-states or regions during the Renaissance, often through authoritarian or oligarchic means.
Oligarchies
Oligarchies: Forms of government where power is held by a small group of people, typically from a privileged social class or elite.
Princely Courts
Princely courts: The residences and administrative centers of princes or rulers during the Renaissance, often hubs of cultural and political activity.
Republic
Republic: A form of government where power is held by the people or their elected representatives, as opposed to a monarchy or dictatorship.
Individualism
Individualism: The belief in the importance of individual rights, freedoms, and achievements, often associated with Renaissance humanism.
Secularism
Secularism: The principle of separating religious institutions and beliefs from government and public affairs, a key aspect of Renaissance thought.
Humanism
Humanism: An intellectual and cultural movement during the Renaissance that emphasized the study of classical texts, individualism, and human potential.
Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges
Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges: A decree issued by King Charles VII of France in 1438, asserting the supremacy of a general council over the pope in Church matters within France.
Royal Council
Royal council: A body of advisors to a monarch, responsible for assisting in governance and decision-making.
Court of Star Chamber
Court of Star Chamber: A royal court in England during the Renaissance known for its secretive and arbitrary judicial proceedings, often used for political purposes.
Justices of the Peace
Justices of the peace: Local judicial officers responsible for maintaining law and order within their jurisdiction, particularly in England during the Renaissance.
Hermandades
Hermandades: Spanish law enforcement associations formed by towns and cities during the late Middle Ages and Renaissance to combat banditry and maintain order.
New Christians
New Christians: Individuals of Jewish or Muslim descent who converted to Christianity, particularly in Spain and Portugal during the Renaissance, often facing discrimination and persecution.
