AP EURO UNIT 1

Question 1

Renaissance

Answer 1

Renaissance: A period in European history known for its revival of art, culture, and intellectual pursuits, spanning roughly from the 14th to the 17th century.

Question 2

Cosimo de Medici

Answer 2

Cosimo de Medici: A prominent Florentine banker and statesman who effectively ruled Florence during the Italian Renaissance.

Question 3

Lorenzo de Medici

Answer 3

Lorenzo de Medici: Also known as Lorenzo the Magnificent, he was a ruler of Florence and a prominent patron of arts and literature during the Renaissance.

Question 4

Manuel Chrysolares

Answer 4

Manuel Chrysolares: A Greek scholar and translator who worked during the Renaissance, particularly known for translating Greek texts into Latin.

Question 5

Petrarch

Answer 5

Petrarch: An Italian scholar and poet considered one of the earliest humanists and a significant figure in the Renaissance for his rediscovery of classical texts.

Question 6

Dante

Answer 6

Dante: An Italian poet whose Divine Comedy is considered one of the greatest literary works of the Middle Ages and an important precursor to the Renaissance.

Question 7

Boccaccio

Answer 7

Boccaccio: An Italian writer and humanist known for his works, including the Decameron, which influenced Renaissance literature.

Question 8

Castiglione

Answer 8

Castiglione: An Italian author and diplomat whose work “The Book of the Courtier” is a key text of Renaissance humanism, offering advice on the ideal courtier.

Question 9

Pico Della Mirandola

Answer 9

Pico della Mirandola: An Italian philosopher and humanist known for his Oration on the Dignity of Man, which reflects Renaissance ideals of human potential.

Question 10

Lorenzo Valla

Answer 10

Lorenzo Valla: An Italian humanist and philologist known for his textual criticism and his exposure of the Donation of Constantine as a forgery.

Question 10

Galen

Answer 10

Galen: An ancient Greek physician whose works on medicine were influential throughout the Renaissance.

Question 11

Andreas Vesalius

Answer 11

Andreas Vesalius: A Flemish anatomist known for his groundbreaking work on human anatomy, “De humani corporis fabrica,” during the Renaissance.

Question 12

Isabella d’Este

Answer 12

Isabella d’Este: An Italian noblewoman and patron of the arts, known for her role in the cultural and political life of Renaissance Italy.

Question 13

Machiavelli

Answer 13

Machiavelli: An Italian diplomat, philosopher, and writer known for his political treatise “The Prince,” which explores realistic approaches to governance.

Question 14

Charles V (Habsburg)

Answer 14

Charles V (Habsburg): Holy Roman Emperor and ruler of the Habsburg Empire during the Renaissance, known for his vast territorial holdings and conflicts with other European powers.

Question 15

Inquisition

Answer 15

Inquisition: A series of institutions within the Catholic Church, established during the Renaissance, to combat heresy and enforce religious orthodoxy.

Question 16

Erasmus

Answer 16

Erasmus: A Dutch humanist and theologian known for his scholarly works and critiques of Church corruption during the Renaissance.

Question 17

Thomas More

Answer 17

Thomas More: An English lawyer, philosopher, and statesman known for his work “Utopia,” which critiques society and explores ideal governance.

Question 18

Giotto

Answer 18

Giotto: An Italian painter and architect known for his contributions to Renaissance art, particularly his frescoes and innovations in depicting three-dimensional space.

Question 19

Masaccio

Answer 19

Masaccio: An Italian painter known for his frescoes and contributions to the development of perspective in Renaissance art.

Question 20

Donatello

Answer 20

Donatello: An Italian sculptor known for his innovations in the depiction of the human form and his contributions to Renaissance sculpture.

Question 21

Leonardo da Vinci

Answer 21

Leonardo da Vinci: An Italian polymath known for his expertise in various fields, including painting, anatomy, engineering, and invention, during the Renaissance.

Question 22

Raphael

Answer 22

Raphael: An Italian painter and architect known for his graceful compositions and contributions to High Renaissance art.

Question 23

Michelangelo

Answer 23

Michelangelo: An Italian sculptor, painter, and architect known for his monumental works, including the Sistine Chapel ceiling and the statue of David.

Question 24

Jan Van Eyck

Answer 24

Jan Van Eyck: A Flemish painter known for his realistic portrayal of subjects and his contributions to Northern Renaissance art.

Question 25

Communes

Answer 25

Communes: Medieval European towns or cities that were granted special privileges, often allowing them self-government and independence from feudal lords.

Question 26

Popolo

Answer 26

Popolo: In medieval Italy, the common people or the lower classes, often associated with urban revolts and struggles for political power.

Question 27

Signori

Answer 27

Signori: Italian rulers or lords who governed city-states or regions during the Renaissance, often through authoritarian or oligarchic means.

Question 28

Oligarchies

Answer 28

Oligarchies: Forms of government where power is held by a small group of people, typically from a privileged social class or elite.

Question 29

Princely Courts

Answer 29

Princely courts: The residences and administrative centers of princes or rulers during the Renaissance, often hubs of cultural and political activity.

Question 30

Republic

Answer 30

Republic: A form of government where power is held by the people or their elected representatives, as opposed to a monarchy or dictatorship.

Question 31

Individualism

Answer 31

Individualism: The belief in the importance of individual rights, freedoms, and achievements, often associated with Renaissance humanism.

Question 32

Secularism

Answer 32

Secularism: The principle of separating religious institutions and beliefs from government and public affairs, a key aspect of Renaissance thought.

Question 32

Humanism

Answer 32

Humanism: An intellectual and cultural movement during the Renaissance that emphasized the study of classical texts, individualism, and human potential.

Question 33

Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges

Answer 33

Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges: A decree issued by King Charles VII of France in 1438, asserting the supremacy of a general council over the pope in Church matters within France.

Question 34

Royal Council

Answer 34

Royal council: A body of advisors to a monarch, responsible for assisting in governance and decision-making.

Question 35

Court of Star Chamber

Answer 35

Court of Star Chamber: A royal court in England during the Renaissance known for its secretive and arbitrary judicial proceedings, often used for political purposes.

Question 36

Justices of the Peace

Answer 36

Justices of the peace: Local judicial officers responsible for maintaining law and order within their jurisdiction, particularly in England during the Renaissance.

Question 37

Hermandades

Answer 37

Hermandades: Spanish law enforcement associations formed by towns and cities during the late Middle Ages and Renaissance to combat banditry and maintain order.

Question 38

New Christians

Answer 38

New Christians: Individuals of Jewish or Muslim descent who converted to Christianity, particularly in Spain and Portugal during the Renaissance, often facing discrimination and persecution.