AP EURO UNIT 3 Flashcards
Absolutism
Absolutism: Political system where a monarch holds absolute power. Example: Louis XIV of France famously said, “L’État, c’est moi” (“I am the state”)
raison d’etat
Raison d’état: State reason; prioritizing the interests of the state over moral or ethical considerations. Example: Cardinal Richelieu justified his policies based on raison d’état, strengthening the power of the French monarchy.
The Fronde
The Fronde: Series of civil wars in France during the 17th century, involving aristocratic rebellions against the monarchy.
Mercantilism
Mercantilism: Economic theory emphasizing state control of trade to increase national wealth. Example: Colbert’s policies in France aimed to promote mercantilism by increasing exports and accumulating gold reserves.
Peace of Utrecht
Peace of Utrecht: Treaty ending the War of the Spanish Succession in 1713, reshaping the balance of power in Europe.
Puritans
Puritans: English Protestants who sought to purify the Church of England of Roman Catholic practices. Example: Puritans migrated to America seeking religious freedom, establishing colonies like Massachusetts Bay.
Serfdom
Serfdom: System where peasants are bound to the land and obligated to work for the landowner. Example: Serfdom was prevalent in Russia until the 19th century, limiting peasants’ mobility and freedom.
Sultan
Sultan: Title for a ruler in Muslim countries, particularly in the Ottoman Empire.
Millet System
Millet system: Ottoman system granting autonomy to religious communities to manage their own affairs. Example: Under the millet system, non-Muslim communities, such as Christians and Jews, had their own legal and administrative structures.
Pragmatic Sanction
Pragmatic Sanction: Decree or law designed to resolve a succession crisis. Example: The Pragmatic Sanction of 1713 secured the succession of Maria Theresa to the Habsburg lands.
Junkers
Junkers: Prussian aristocracy or landowning class, often associated with military service.
Cossacks
Cossacks: Eastern European semi-military communities known for their independence and skill in warfare.
Divine Right
Divine right: Belief that a ruler’s authority comes directly from God. Example: Charles I of England claimed divine right to rule without Parliament’s interference.
Charles I of England
Charles I of England: King of England during the English Civil War, executed in 1649.
William Laud
William Laud: Archbishop of Canterbury known for his high-church policies and persecution of Puritans.
Test Act
Test Act: English law requiring public officials to be Anglican and to reject certain religious beliefs.
Thomas Hobbes
Thomas Hobbes: English philosopher known for his work “Leviathan,” advocating for absolute monarchy and social contract theory.
John Locke
John Locke: English philosopher and key figure in the Enlightenment, known for his ideas on natural rights and liberal democracy.
Oliver Cromwell
Oliver Cromwell: English military and political leader who ruled as Lord Protector after the English Civil War.
The Restoration
The Restoration: Period in English history when the monarchy was restored after the rule of Oliver Cromwell.
Constitutionalism
Constitutionalism: Political philosophy advocating for government limited by a constitution. Example: The English Bill of Rights established constitutionalism in England, limiting the powers of the monarchy.
Glorious Revolution
Glorious Revolution: Bloodless overthrow of King James II of England in 1688, leading to the ascension of William and Mary and the establishment of constitutional monarchy.
Cardinal Richelieu
Cardinal Richelieu: Chief minister to King Louis XIII of France, known for centralizing power and strengthening the French monarchy.
Louis XII
Louis XII: King of France known for his military campaigns and patronage of the arts during the Italian Wars.
Louis XIV
Louis XIV: King of France known as the Sun King, who centralized power and promoted absolutism.
Jean Baptiste Colbert
Jean-Baptiste Colbert: French minister of finance under Louis XIV, known for his mercantilist policies and efforts to strengthen the French economy.
Mazarin
Mazarin: Chief minister to King Louis XIV of France, who continued the centralizing policies of Cardinal Richelieu.
Classicism
Classicism: Artistic movement emphasizing order, symmetry, and restraint, inspired by ancient Greek and Roman art.
Don Quixote
Don Quixote: Novel by Miguel de Cervantes, considered one of the greatest works of Spanish literature.
Mongol Yoke
Mongol Yoke: Period of Mongol rule over Russia from the 13th to 15th centuries, characterized by tribute payments and centralized control.
Ivan IV
Ivan IV: Ivan the Terrible, Tsar of Russia known for his brutal policies and centralization of power.
Peter the Great
Peter the Great: Tsar of Russia known for his modernization efforts and westernization of Russia.
Baroque
Baroque: Artistic style characterized by dramatic expression, grandeur, and emotional intensity, flourishing in the 17th and early 18th centuries.
Whigs
Whigs: English political faction supporting parliamentary supremacy and religious toleration.
Tories
Tories: English political faction supporting the monarchy and traditional institutions.
Tsar (Czar)
Tsar (Czar): Title for the ruler of Russia, derived from the Latin word “Caesar.”
CABAL
CABAL: Acronym for the five ministers who dominated English politics during the reign of Charles II. Clifford, Arlington, Buckingham, Ashley, Lauderdale
Suleiman the Magnificent
Suleiman the Magnificent: Ottoman Sultan known for his military conquests and cultural achievements.
Times of Troubles
Time of Troubles: Period of political instability and famine in Russia following the death of Ivan IV.
Frederick I of Prussia
Frederick I of Prussia: Elector of Brandenburg and first King of Prussia, known for his efforts to build up the Prussian military and strengthen the state.
