AP EURO UNIT 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Absolutism

A

Absolutism: Political system where a monarch holds absolute power. Example: Louis XIV of France famously said, “L’État, c’est moi” (“I am the state”)

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2
Q

raison d’etat

A

Raison d’état: State reason; prioritizing the interests of the state over moral or ethical considerations. Example: Cardinal Richelieu justified his policies based on raison d’état, strengthening the power of the French monarchy.

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3
Q

The Fronde

A

The Fronde: Series of civil wars in France during the 17th century, involving aristocratic rebellions against the monarchy.

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4
Q

Mercantilism

A

Mercantilism: Economic theory emphasizing state control of trade to increase national wealth. Example: Colbert’s policies in France aimed to promote mercantilism by increasing exports and accumulating gold reserves.

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5
Q

Peace of Utrecht

A

Peace of Utrecht: Treaty ending the War of the Spanish Succession in 1713, reshaping the balance of power in Europe.

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6
Q

Puritans

A

Puritans: English Protestants who sought to purify the Church of England of Roman Catholic practices. Example: Puritans migrated to America seeking religious freedom, establishing colonies like Massachusetts Bay.

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7
Q

Serfdom

A

Serfdom: System where peasants are bound to the land and obligated to work for the landowner. Example: Serfdom was prevalent in Russia until the 19th century, limiting peasants’ mobility and freedom.

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8
Q

Sultan

A

Sultan: Title for a ruler in Muslim countries, particularly in the Ottoman Empire.

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9
Q

Millet System

A

Millet system: Ottoman system granting autonomy to religious communities to manage their own affairs. Example: Under the millet system, non-Muslim communities, such as Christians and Jews, had their own legal and administrative structures.

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10
Q

Pragmatic Sanction

A

Pragmatic Sanction: Decree or law designed to resolve a succession crisis. Example: The Pragmatic Sanction of 1713 secured the succession of Maria Theresa to the Habsburg lands.

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11
Q

Junkers

A

Junkers: Prussian aristocracy or landowning class, often associated with military service.

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12
Q

Cossacks

A

Cossacks: Eastern European semi-military communities known for their independence and skill in warfare.

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13
Q

Divine Right

A

Divine right: Belief that a ruler’s authority comes directly from God. Example: Charles I of England claimed divine right to rule without Parliament’s interference.

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14
Q

Charles I of England

A

Charles I of England: King of England during the English Civil War, executed in 1649.

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15
Q

William Laud

A

William Laud: Archbishop of Canterbury known for his high-church policies and persecution of Puritans.

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16
Q

Test Act

A

Test Act: English law requiring public officials to be Anglican and to reject certain religious beliefs.

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17
Q

Thomas Hobbes

A

Thomas Hobbes: English philosopher known for his work “Leviathan,” advocating for absolute monarchy and social contract theory.

18
Q

John Locke

A

John Locke: English philosopher and key figure in the Enlightenment, known for his ideas on natural rights and liberal democracy.

19
Q

Oliver Cromwell

A

Oliver Cromwell: English military and political leader who ruled as Lord Protector after the English Civil War.

20
Q

The Restoration

A

The Restoration: Period in English history when the monarchy was restored after the rule of Oliver Cromwell.

21
Q

Constitutionalism

A

Constitutionalism: Political philosophy advocating for government limited by a constitution. Example: The English Bill of Rights established constitutionalism in England, limiting the powers of the monarchy.

22
Q

Glorious Revolution

A

Glorious Revolution: Bloodless overthrow of King James II of England in 1688, leading to the ascension of William and Mary and the establishment of constitutional monarchy.

23
Q

Cardinal Richelieu

A

Cardinal Richelieu: Chief minister to King Louis XIII of France, known for centralizing power and strengthening the French monarchy.

24
Q

Louis XII

A

Louis XII: King of France known for his military campaigns and patronage of the arts during the Italian Wars.

25
Q

Louis XIV

A

Louis XIV: King of France known as the Sun King, who centralized power and promoted absolutism.

26
Q

Jean Baptiste Colbert

A

Jean-Baptiste Colbert: French minister of finance under Louis XIV, known for his mercantilist policies and efforts to strengthen the French economy.

27
Q

Mazarin

A

Mazarin: Chief minister to King Louis XIV of France, who continued the centralizing policies of Cardinal Richelieu.

28
Q

Classicism

A

Classicism: Artistic movement emphasizing order, symmetry, and restraint, inspired by ancient Greek and Roman art.

29
Q

Don Quixote

A

Don Quixote: Novel by Miguel de Cervantes, considered one of the greatest works of Spanish literature.

30
Q

Mongol Yoke

A

Mongol Yoke: Period of Mongol rule over Russia from the 13th to 15th centuries, characterized by tribute payments and centralized control.

31
Q

Ivan IV

A

Ivan IV: Ivan the Terrible, Tsar of Russia known for his brutal policies and centralization of power.

32
Q

Peter the Great

A

Peter the Great: Tsar of Russia known for his modernization efforts and westernization of Russia.

33
Q

Baroque

A

Baroque: Artistic style characterized by dramatic expression, grandeur, and emotional intensity, flourishing in the 17th and early 18th centuries.

34
Q

Whigs

A

Whigs: English political faction supporting parliamentary supremacy and religious toleration.

35
Q

Tories

A

Tories: English political faction supporting the monarchy and traditional institutions.

36
Q

Tsar (Czar)

A

Tsar (Czar): Title for the ruler of Russia, derived from the Latin word “Caesar.”

37
Q

CABAL

A

CABAL: Acronym for the five ministers who dominated English politics during the reign of Charles II. Clifford, Arlington, Buckingham, Ashley, Lauderdale

38
Q

Suleiman the Magnificent

A

Suleiman the Magnificent: Ottoman Sultan known for his military conquests and cultural achievements.

39
Q

Times of Troubles

A

Time of Troubles: Period of political instability and famine in Russia following the death of Ivan IV.

40
Q

Frederick I of Prussia

A

Frederick I of Prussia: Elector of Brandenburg and first King of Prussia, known for his efforts to build up the Prussian military and strengthen the state.