AP EURO UNIT 3

Question 1

Absolutism

Answer 1

Absolutism: Political system where a monarch holds absolute power. Example: Louis XIV of France famously said, “L’État, c’est moi” (“I am the state”)

Question 2

raison d’etat

Answer 2

Raison d’état: State reason; prioritizing the interests of the state over moral or ethical considerations. Example: Cardinal Richelieu justified his policies based on raison d’état, strengthening the power of the French monarchy.

Question 3

The Fronde

Answer 3

The Fronde: Series of civil wars in France during the 17th century, involving aristocratic rebellions against the monarchy.

Question 4

Mercantilism

Answer 4

Mercantilism: Economic theory emphasizing state control of trade to increase national wealth. Example: Colbert’s policies in France aimed to promote mercantilism by increasing exports and accumulating gold reserves.

Question 5

Peace of Utrecht

Answer 5

Peace of Utrecht: Treaty ending the War of the Spanish Succession in 1713, reshaping the balance of power in Europe.

Question 6

Puritans

Answer 6

Puritans: English Protestants who sought to purify the Church of England of Roman Catholic practices. Example: Puritans migrated to America seeking religious freedom, establishing colonies like Massachusetts Bay.

Question 7

Serfdom

Answer 7

Serfdom: System where peasants are bound to the land and obligated to work for the landowner. Example: Serfdom was prevalent in Russia until the 19th century, limiting peasants’ mobility and freedom.

Question 8

Sultan

Answer 8

Sultan: Title for a ruler in Muslim countries, particularly in the Ottoman Empire.

Question 9

Millet System

Answer 9

Millet system: Ottoman system granting autonomy to religious communities to manage their own affairs. Example: Under the millet system, non-Muslim communities, such as Christians and Jews, had their own legal and administrative structures.

Question 10

Pragmatic Sanction

Answer 10

Pragmatic Sanction: Decree or law designed to resolve a succession crisis. Example: The Pragmatic Sanction of 1713 secured the succession of Maria Theresa to the Habsburg lands.

Question 11

Junkers

Answer 11

Junkers: Prussian aristocracy or landowning class, often associated with military service.

Question 12

Cossacks

Answer 12

Cossacks: Eastern European semi-military communities known for their independence and skill in warfare.

Question 13

Divine Right

Answer 13

Divine right: Belief that a ruler’s authority comes directly from God. Example: Charles I of England claimed divine right to rule without Parliament’s interference.

Question 14

Charles I of England

Answer 14

Charles I of England: King of England during the English Civil War, executed in 1649.

Question 15

William Laud

Answer 15

William Laud: Archbishop of Canterbury known for his high-church policies and persecution of Puritans.

Question 16

Test Act

Answer 16

Test Act: English law requiring public officials to be Anglican and to reject certain religious beliefs.

Question 17

Thomas Hobbes

Answer 17

Thomas Hobbes: English philosopher known for his work “Leviathan,” advocating for absolute monarchy and social contract theory.

Question 18

John Locke

Answer 18

John Locke: English philosopher and key figure in the Enlightenment, known for his ideas on natural rights and liberal democracy.

Question 19

Oliver Cromwell

Answer 19

Oliver Cromwell: English military and political leader who ruled as Lord Protector after the English Civil War.

Question 20

The Restoration

Answer 20

The Restoration: Period in English history when the monarchy was restored after the rule of Oliver Cromwell.

Question 21

Constitutionalism

Answer 21

Constitutionalism: Political philosophy advocating for government limited by a constitution. Example: The English Bill of Rights established constitutionalism in England, limiting the powers of the monarchy.

Question 22

Glorious Revolution

Answer 22

Glorious Revolution: Bloodless overthrow of King James II of England in 1688, leading to the ascension of William and Mary and the establishment of constitutional monarchy.

Question 23

Cardinal Richelieu

Answer 23

Cardinal Richelieu: Chief minister to King Louis XIII of France, known for centralizing power and strengthening the French monarchy.

Question 24

Louis XII

Answer 24

Louis XII: King of France known for his military campaigns and patronage of the arts during the Italian Wars.

Question 25

Louis XIV

Answer 25

Louis XIV: King of France known as the Sun King, who centralized power and promoted absolutism.

Question 26

Jean Baptiste Colbert

Answer 26

Jean-Baptiste Colbert: French minister of finance under Louis XIV, known for his mercantilist policies and efforts to strengthen the French economy.

Question 27

Mazarin

Answer 27

Mazarin: Chief minister to King Louis XIV of France, who continued the centralizing policies of Cardinal Richelieu.

Question 28

Classicism

Answer 28

Classicism: Artistic movement emphasizing order, symmetry, and restraint, inspired by ancient Greek and Roman art.

Question 29

Don Quixote

Answer 29

Don Quixote: Novel by Miguel de Cervantes, considered one of the greatest works of Spanish literature.

Question 30

Mongol Yoke

Answer 30

Mongol Yoke: Period of Mongol rule over Russia from the 13th to 15th centuries, characterized by tribute payments and centralized control.

Question 31

Ivan IV

Answer 31

Ivan IV: Ivan the Terrible, Tsar of Russia known for his brutal policies and centralization of power.

Question 32

Peter the Great

Answer 32

Peter the Great: Tsar of Russia known for his modernization efforts and westernization of Russia.

Question 33

Baroque

Answer 33

Baroque: Artistic style characterized by dramatic expression, grandeur, and emotional intensity, flourishing in the 17th and early 18th centuries.

Question 34

Whigs

Answer 34

Whigs: English political faction supporting parliamentary supremacy and religious toleration.

Question 35

Tories

Answer 35

Tories: English political faction supporting the monarchy and traditional institutions.

Question 36

Tsar (Czar)

Answer 36

Tsar (Czar): Title for the ruler of Russia, derived from the Latin word “Caesar.”

Question 37

CABAL

Answer 37

CABAL: Acronym for the five ministers who dominated English politics during the reign of Charles II. Clifford, Arlington, Buckingham, Ashley, Lauderdale

Question 38

Suleiman the Magnificent

Answer 38

Suleiman the Magnificent: Ottoman Sultan known for his military conquests and cultural achievements.

Question 39

Times of Troubles

Answer 39

Time of Troubles: Period of political instability and famine in Russia following the death of Ivan IV.

Question 40

Frederick I of Prussia

Answer 40

Frederick I of Prussia: Elector of Brandenburg and first King of Prussia, known for his efforts to build up the Prussian military and strengthen the state.