AP EURO UNIT 2 Flashcards
Reformation
Reformation: A religious movement in the 16th century that aimed to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the establishment of Protestant churches. Example: Martin Luther’s 95 Theses sparked the Reformation, leading to widespread changes in Christianity.
Pluralism
Pluralism: The coexistence of multiple religious beliefs or ethnic groups within a society. Example: The Edict of Nantes granted religious tolerance to Protestants in France, promoting pluralism.
The Imitation of Christ
The Imitation of Christ: A devotional book written by Thomas à Kempis, emphasizing humility and devotion to Christ in daily life.
Ecumenical Council
Ecumenical council: A gathering of leaders from different Christian denominations to discuss and reconcile theological differences. Example: The Council of Trent was an ecumenical council convened by the Roman Catholic Church to address the challenges of the Reformation.
Indulgence
Indulgence: A remission of the temporal punishment for sins, often granted by the church in exchange for pious acts or donations. Example: The sale of indulgences by the Catholic Church sparked criticism from reformers like Martin Luther.
Diet of Worms
Diet of Worms: An imperial diet (assembly) of the Holy Roman Empire held in Worms, Germany, in 1521, where Martin Luther defended his beliefs against charges of heresy.
Sola Scriptura
Sola Scriptura: The Protestant principle that the Bible alone is the ultimate authority for faith and practice, rejecting tradition as equal to Scripture. Example: Martin Luther emphasized Sola Scriptura in his translation of the Bible into German.
Transubstantiation
Transubstantiation: the bread and wine used in the Eucharist become the actual body and blood of Christ during the Mass.
Consubstantiation
Consubstantiation: The belief, held by some Protestant denominations, that the bread and wine in the Eucharist coexist with the body and blood of Christ.
The Institutes of the Christian Religion
The Institutes of the Christian Religion: A seminal work by John Calvin that systematically presents Protestant theology and principles.
Predestination
Predestination: The belief, emphasized by John Calvin, that God has already determined who will be saved and who will be damned.
Anabaptists
Anabaptists: A radical Protestant group that advocated for adult baptism and the separation of church and state.
Book of Common Prayer
Book of Common Prayer: A liturgical book used in Anglican churches, containing prayers, scripture readings, and worship instructions.
Jesuits
Jesuits: Members of the Society of Jesus, a Catholic religious order founded by Ignatius of Loyola, known for their missionary work, education, and defense of the Catholic Church.
Treaty of Cateau Cambresis
Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis: A treaty ending the Italian Wars between Spain and France in 1559, establishing Spanish dominance in Italy.
Huguenots
Huguenots: French Protestants, primarily Calvinists, who faced persecution during the French Wars of Religion.
St. Bartholomew’s Day
St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre: The massacre of thousands of Huguenots in Paris in 1572, marking a turning point in the French Wars of Religion.
Politiques
Politiques: French political leaders who prioritized political stability over religious unity during the French Wars of Religion.
Edict of Nantes
Edict of Nantes: A decree issued by King Henry IV of France in 1598, granting religious freedom to Protestants and ending the French Wars of Religion.
Union of Utrecht
Union of Utrecht: A treaty signed in 1579 by the northern provinces of the Netherlands, establishing their independence from Spain.
Peace of Westphalia
Peace of Westphalia: A series of treaties ending the Thirty Years’ War in 1648, establishing the principle of state sovereignty and promoting religious tolerance.
Quinto
Quinto: A tax imposed by the Spanish crown on precious metals mined in the Americas.
Baroque
Baroque: A style of art and architecture characterized by dramatic effects, grandeur, and emotional intensity.
Charles V (Habsburg)
Charles V (Habsburg): Holy Roman Emperor from 1519 to 1556, who ruled over vast territories in Europe, including Spain and the Netherlands.
Henry VIII
Henry VIII: King of England from 1509 to 1547, known for his role in the English Reformation and his six marriages.
Counter Reformation
Counter Reformation: The Catholic Church’s response to the Protestant Reformation, aimed at reforming the church from within and combating heresy.
Council of Trent
Council of Trent: An ecumenical council held from 1545 to 1563, which addressed the theological and disciplinary issues raised by the Protestant Reformation.
Vasco da Gama
Vasco da Gama: Portuguese explorer who sailed around the southern tip of Africa to reach India in 1498, establishing a sea route to the East.
John Cabot
John Cabot: Italian explorer commissioned by King Henry VII of England, who explored the coast of North America in 1497, laying the groundwork for English claims to the New World.
Mannerism
Mannerism: An artistic style characterized by elongated proportions, exaggerated poses, and a sense of instability, which emerged in the late Renaissance.
Juan Cabrillo
Juan Cabrillo: A Portuguese explorer who sailed for Spain and explored the coast of present-day California in 1542.
Francis Xavier
Francis Xavier: A Spanish Jesuit missionary who played a key role in the spread of Christianity in Asia, particularly in India and Japan.
Ferdinand Magellan
Ferdinand Magellan: Portuguese explorer who led the first expedition to circumnavigate the globe in 1519–1522.
Hernando Cortez
Hernando Cortez: Spanish conquistador who conquered the Aztec Empire in present-day Mexico in the early 16th century.
Vasco Nunez de Balboa
Vasco Núñez de Balboa: Spanish explorer who crossed the Isthmus of Panama and became the first European to reach the Pacific Ocean from the New World in 1513.
Fransisco Pizarro
Francisco Pizarro: Spanish conquistador who conquered the Inca Empire in present-day Peru in the 1530s.
Juan Ponce de Leon
Juan Ponce de León: Spanish explorer who discovered Florida while searching for the Fountain of Youth in 1513.
John Wycliffe
John Wycliffe: English theologian and early advocate for church reform, known for translating the Bible into English.
John Huss
John Huss: Czech priest and reformer who was burned at the stake for heresy in 1415, becoming a symbol of resistance against the Catholic Church.
John Calvin
John Calvin: French theologian and reformer who played a key role in the Protestant Reformation, particularly in the development of Calvinism.
Menno Simons
Menno Simons: Dutch Anabaptist leader who founded the Mennonite Church.
William Tyndale
William Tyndale: English scholar who translated the Bible into English and was martyred for his efforts.
Ulrich Zwingli
Ulrich Zwingli: Swiss theologian and reformer who played a key role in the Swiss Reformation.
Gustavus Adolphus
Gustavus Adolphus: King of Sweden known for his military leadership during the Thirty Years’ War.
Mary Queen of Scots
Mary, Queen of Scots: Queen of Scotland who was implicated in various plots against Queen Elizabeth I of England and was eventually executed.
Catherine of Aragon
Catherine of Aragon: First wife of Henry VIII of England, whose refusal to annul their marriage led to the English Reformation.
William of Orange
William of Orange: Dutch leader who led the revolt against Spanish rule and became the first stadtholder of the Netherlands.
Philipp Melanchthon
Philipp Melanchthon: German reformer and collaborator with Martin Luther, known for his contributions to Protestant theology.
Columbian Exchange
Colombian Exchange: The widespread exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technology between the Americas, Europe, Africa, and Asia following Christopher Columbus’s voyages.
Elizabethan Literature
Elizabethan Literature: Literature produced during the reign of Queen Elizabeth I of England, including works by William Shakespeare, Christopher Marlowe, and Edmund Spenser.
Ulrich von hutten
Ulrich von Hutten: A German humanist and reformer who supported Martin Luther and advocated for reform within the Catholic Church, known for his satirical writings and criticism of the church hierarchy.
Johannes of Bugenhagen
Johannes Bugenhagen: A German theologian and pastor who played a significant role in the Protestant Reformation, particularly in the city of Wittenberg, where he worked closely with Martin Luther and helped implement reforms in the church.
Thomas Munzter
Thomas Müntzer: A radical German preacher and theologian associated with the Peasants’ War, who advocated for social and economic reform based on his interpretation of Christianity and was eventually captured and executed for his role in the rebellion.
