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ap bio cytology quiz Flashcards

1
Q

what is the cell theory

A

1) all living things are made of cells
2) cell is simplest collection of matter that can live
3) cell structure is correlated to cellular function
4) all cells are related by their descendant from other cells

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2
Q

cell fractionation

A

takes cells apart and separates the major organelles from each other

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3
Q

what does cell fractionation help with

A

allows scientists to determine functions of organelles

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4
Q

eukaryotes

A

differentiated cells
protists, fungi, animals, plants

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5
Q

prokaryotes

A

single cell, no nucleus
archae, bacteria

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6
Q

similarites between eukaryotes and prokaryotes

A

plasma membrane, semifluid substance (cytosol), chromosomes, ribosomes

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7
Q

differences between eukaryotes and prokaryotes

A

prokaryotes- no nucleus, DNA in unbound region (nucleoid), no membrane bound organelles, cytoplasm bound by plasma membrane
eukaryotes- DNA in nucleus bounded by membranous nuclear envelope, membrane bound organelles, cytoplasm in region between plasma membrane and nucleus, larger than prokaryotes

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8
Q

plasma membrane

A
  • selective barrier that allows sufficient passage of oxygen, nutrients, and waste to service volume of every cell
  • general structure is double layer of phospholipids
  • 4 ring carbon and cholesterol
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9
Q

limits to cell size

A

cells have greater surface area relative to volume
metabolism sets limits

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10
Q

what do eukaryotes have that partitions cell into organelles

A

internal membranes

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11
Q

what are the eukaryotic organelles

A

nucleus, nuclear lamina, chromatin, chromosomes, nucleolus, ribosomes, endomembrane system, mitochondria, chloroplasts, peroxisomes, mitochondria, chloroplasts, cytoskeleton

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12
Q

nucleus functions

A

1) houses genetic material
2) most conspicuous organelles
3) nuclear envelope
4) nuclear membrane
5) pores

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13
Q

nuclear envelope

A

encloses nucleus separating from cytoplasm

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14
Q

nuclear membrane

A

double membrane, all consists of lipid bilayer

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15
Q

nuclear pores

A

regulate entry and exit of molecules from nucleus

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16
Q

nuclear lamina

A

maintains shape of nucleus, composed of protein (lamin)

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17
Q

chromatin

A

DNA and proteins form genetic materials

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18
Q

chromosomes

A

condensed chromatin

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19
Q

nucleolus

A

located within nucleus
contains ribosomes
site of ribosomal RNA synthesis
carries out protein synthesis
found in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes

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20
Q

nucleolus protein synthesis

A

in cytosol–> free ribosomes
outside of endoplasmic reticulum or nuclear envelope–> bound ribosomes

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21
Q

endomembrane system

A

regulates protein traffic and performs metabolic functions in cell
contains
- nuclear envelope
- endoplasmic reticulum
- golgi apparatus
- lysosomes
- vacuoles
- plasma membrane
all are either continuous or connected via transfer by vesicles

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22
Q

endoplasmic reticulum

A

accounts for more than half of total membrane in eukaryotic cells
continuous with membrane
2 regions- smooth and rough ER
plants and animals, not bacteria

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23
Q

smooth ER

A

lacks ribosomes
synthesizes lipids
metabolizes carbohydrates
detoxifies poison
stores calcium

24
Q

rough ER

A

ribosomes studding surface
bound ribosomes secrete glycoproteins
distribute transport vesicles (proteins surrounded by membrane)
membrane factory for cell

25
Q

glycoprotein

A

proteins covalently bonded to carbohydrates

26
Q

golgi apparatus

A

shipping and receiving center
consists of cisternae
modifies products of ER
manufactures certain macromolecules
sorts and packages materials into transport vesicles

27
Q

cisternae

A

flattened membranous sacs
entire thing is the golgi

28
Q

lysosomes

A

membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes that digest macromolecules
digestive compartments
endures phagocytosis and autophagy

29
Q

what do the enzymes do in lysosomes

A

hydrolyze proteins, fats, polysaccharides, and nucleic acids

30
Q

phagocytosis

A

cells can engulf another and forms food vacuoles
fuses with food vacuoles and digests molecule

31
Q

autophagy

A

uses enzymes to recycle cells organelles macromolecules

32
Q

vacuoles

A

diverse maintenance compartment
- contractile vacuole
- food vacuole
- central vacuole

33
Q

contractile vacuole

A

found in freshwater protists
pump excess water out of cells

34
Q

food vacuole

A

formed by phagocytosis

35
Q

central vacuole

A

found in many mature plant cells
hold organic compounds and water

36
Q

metabolic activity group

A

mitochondria, chloroplast, peroxisome, cytoskeleton

37
Q

mitochondria

A

sites of cellular respiration that generates ATP
in eukaryotic cells
contains cristae
mitochondrial matrix and intermembrane space

38
Q

cristae

A

smooth outer and inner membrane folded together
presents large surface area for enzymes to synthesize proteins

39
Q

mitochondrial matrix and intermembrane space

A

inner membrane creates 2 compartments
mitochondrial matrix catalyzes metabolic steps of CR

40
Q

chloroplast

A

found in plants and algae (plants and other green organs)
sites of photosynthesis
belongs to plastids (organelle family)
contains chlorophyll (green pigment)
contains enzymes and other molecules functioning in photosynthesis
thylakoids for structure

41
Q

thylakoids

A

membranous stacks that form granum and stroma (internal fluid)

42
Q

peroxisomes

A

oxidative organelle
specialized metabolic compartments bounded by single membrane
produce hydrogen peroxide and convert to water
oxygen is used to break down different types of molecules

43
Q

mitochondria and chloroplast structure

A

change energy to form to another
not part of endomembrane system
double membrane
contain proteins made by free ribosomes
contain own DNA

44
Q

cytoskeleton

A

network of fibers extending throughout cytoplasm
organizes cell structure and activity, anchors organelles
- microtubules
- microfilaments
- intermediate filaments
supports cells, maintains shape
interacts with moto proteins (mobility)
may regulate biochemical activities
vesicles travel along ‘monorail’ provided by cytoskeleton

45
Q

microtubule

A

thicket component

46
Q

microfillament

A

thinnest component

47
Q

intermediate

A

fibers w diameters in a middle

48
Q

microtubules

A

shape cell
guide movement of organelles
separates chromosomes during cell division
contains centrosomes and centrioles
contains cilia and flagella

49
Q

centrosomes and centrioles

A

microtubules grow out from centrosome, near nucleus
centrosome is microtubule- organizing center
animal cells
- centrosome has pair of centrioles

50
Q

cilia and flagella

A

microtubules control beating of cilia and flagella (locomotor appendages of cells)
share common ultrastructure

51
Q

cilia and flagella ultrastructure

A

core of microtubules sheathed by plasma membrane
basal body anchors cilium or flagella
motor protein (dynein) drives bending movements of cilia or flagellum

52
Q

microfilaments (actin filaments)

A

built as twisted double chain of actin subunits
bears tension, resists pulling forces in cell
forms 3D network (cortex) inside plasma membrane
- helps support cell shape
bundles of microfilaments make up core of microvilli intestinal cells
function in cell mobility and contain myosin protein (also actin)
muscles cells have thousands of actin filaments arranged parallel to one another
thicker filaments compose of myosin interdigitate with thinner actin fibers
localized contraction brought about by actin and myosin
-drives amoeboid movement

53
Q

pseudopodia

A

cellular extensions
extend and contract through reversible assembly and contraction of actin subunits into microfilaments

54
Q

cytoplasmic streaming

A

circular flow of cytoplasm within cell
streaming speeds distribution of materials within cell
plant cell
- actin- myosin interactions and sol-gel transformations drive cytoplasmic streaming

55
Q

cell walls of plants

A

extracellular structure that distributes plant cells from animal cells
prokaryotes, fungi, some protists
protects plant cell, maintains shape, prevents excessive water uptake
make of cellulose fibers embedded in polysaccharides and proteins

56
Q

how many layers do cell walls have

A

3

57
Q

plasmodesmata

A

channels between adjacent plant cells

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