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school > AP bio chapter 6 and 7 > Flashcards

AP bio chapter 6 and 7 Flashcards

1
Q

name major components of cell membrane

A

glycoproteins, glycolipids, phospholipid bilayer, cholesterol, cytoskeleton filaments, integral membrane proteins, peripheral membrane proteins, carbohydrates, fibers of extracellular matrix

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2
Q

glycoproteins

A

on outside of plasma membrane, compromise protein and carbohydrate chains, membrane carbohydrates covalently bonded to proteins

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3
Q

glycolipid

A

on extracellular surface of cell membrane, membrane carbohydrates covalently bonded to lipids

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4
Q

phospholipid bilayer

A

acts as barrier to protect cell against outside components

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5
Q

cholesterol

A

in between phospholipids, stabilizes cell membrane

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6
Q

cytoskeleton filaments

A

in the cytoplasmic side of membrane, give cell shape and organize cell parts

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7
Q

integral membrane proteins

A

within bilayer membranes, penetrates hydrophobic core, helps move molecules across membrane

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8
Q

peripheral membrane proteins

A

bound to surface of membrane, helps in communication, support, and molecule transfer

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9
Q

carbohydrates

A

present on extracellular side of membrane (exterior), attached to proteins and form glycoproteins

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10
Q

extracellular matrix fibers

A

fills space between cells, in extracellular side of membrane (exterior), helps cell attach and communicate with cells

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11
Q

transmembrane protein

A

integral proteins that span the membrane

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12
Q

carrier protein

A

transport protein that binds to molecules and change shape to shuttle them across the membrane, undergo subtle change in shape that translocates the solute-binding site across the membrane

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13
Q

transport protein

A

allow passage of hydrophilic substances across the membrane, specific for substance it moves, can move solutes against their concentration gradient

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14
Q

integrin protein

A

mediate interactions between cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix

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15
Q

aquaporins

A

channel proteins that facilitate the passage of water (facilitated diffusion of water)

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16
Q

channel protein

A

type of transport protein has hydrophilic channel that certain molecules or ions can useas a tunnel

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17
Q

what does cholesterol do in animal cells

A

restrains movement at warmer temperatures and maintains fluidity by preventing tight packing at cooler temperatures

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18
Q

6 functions of membrane proteins

A

transport
enzymatic activity
signal transduction
cell-cell recognition
intercellular joining
attachment to cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix

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19
Q

how can a hydrophobic (nonpolar) molecule pass through the cell membrane

A

can dissolve in the lipid bilayer and pass through membrane rapidly

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20
Q

how can a hydrophilic (polar) molecule pass through the cell membrane

A

don’t cross through membrane easily, use facilitated diffusion (carrier and channel proteins) (EX. sugar)

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21
Q

how can ions pass through cell membrane

A

facilitated diffusion (carrier and channel proteins and ion channels)

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22
Q

how can small molecules pass through cell membrane

A

enter or leave cell through lipid bilayer or by transport proteins

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23
Q

how can large molecules pass through cell membrane

A

endocytosis and bulk transport via vesicles

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24
Q

what can monosaccharides pass through cell membrane

A

diffusion down the concentration gradient

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25
Q

how do carbon dioxide and oxygen cross cell membrane

A

diffusion, moving from area of high concentration to low concentration

26
Q

how does K+ move across cell membrane

A

sodium-pump

27
Q

how does amino acids and starch cross cell membrane

A

facilitated diffusion and carrier and channel proteins

28
Q

active transport

A

moves substances against their concentration gradient requires energy (ATP) performed by specific proteins embedded in membranes
allows cells to maintain concentration gradients that differ from their surroundings

29
Q

sodium-potassium pump

A

type of active transport system
major electrogenic pump of animal cells
PROCESS
1) cytoplasmic Na+ binds to sodium potassium pump
2) Na+ binding stimulates phosphorylation by ATP
3) phosphorylation causes protein to change its shape expelling Na+ to the outside
4) K+ binds on extracellular side and triggers release of phosphate group
5) loss of phosphate group restores protein’s original shape
6) K+ is released and cycle starts over

30
Q

passive transport

A

diffusion of a substance across a biological membrane with no energy required from the cell to make it happen

31
Q

diffusion

A

net movement of molecules from a higher area of concentration to an area of lower concentration (even spreading of molecules)

32
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

transport proteins speed the passive movement of molecules across plasma membrane

33
Q

osmosis

A

diffusion of water across selectively permeable membrane

34
Q

pinocytosis

A

active transport, type of endocytosis, molecules are taken up when extracellular fluid is “gulped” into tiny vesicles (cellular drinking)

35
Q

phagocytosis

A

active transport, type of endocytosis, cell engulfs a particle in a vacuole (cellular eating), vacuole fuses with lysosome to digest particle

36
Q

3 types of endocytosis

A

pinocytosis, phagocytosis, receptor-mediated endocytosis

37
Q

endocytosis

A

active transport
cell takes in macromolecules by forming vesicles from plasma membrane, reversal of exocytosis

38
Q

exocytosis

A

active transport
transport vesicles migrate to the membrane, fuse with it, and release their contents, used by secretory cells to export their products

39
Q

isotonic

A

solute concentration is the same as that inside the cell; no net water movement across cell membrane

40
Q

hypotonic solution

A

solute concentration is less than that inside the cell; cell gains water

41
Q

hypertonic solution

A

solute concentration is greater than that inside the cell; cell loses water

42
Q

osmoregulation

A

the control of water balance, is a necessary adaptation for life in such environments

43
Q

amphipathic

A

molecule that contains both hydrophobic (nonpolar) and hydrophilic (polar) parts

44
Q

receptor- mediated endocytosis

A

binding of ligands to receptors triggers vesicle formation

45
Q

ligand

A

any molecule that binds specifically to a receptor site of another molecule

46
Q

how does bulk transport occur

A

endocytosis and exocytosis

47
Q

cotransport

A

occurs when active transport of a solute indirectly drives transport of another solute

48
Q

electrogenic pump

A

a transport protein that generates voltage across a membrane

49
Q

proton pump

A

main electrogenic pump of plants, bacteria, and fungi

50
Q

electrochemical gradient

A

two combined forces drive diffusion of ions across membranes
chemical and electrical force

51
Q

chemical force

A

the ion’s concentration gradient

52
Q

electrical force

A

the effect of the membrane potential on the ion’s movement

53
Q

membrane potential

A

voltage difference across a membrane

54
Q

why is facilitated diffusion passive

A

the solute moves down the concentration gradient

55
Q

ion channel

A

channel protein that open or close in response to a stimulus (gated channel)

56
Q

plasmolysis

A

in hypertonic environment plant cells lose water, membrane pulls away from wall, death to plant

57
Q

what do cell walls help to maintain

A

water balance

58
Q

turgid

A

plant cell in hypotonic solution (ideal) swells until the wall opposes uptake, causes cell to become firm

59
Q

flaccid

A

plant cell and surroundings in isotonic solution with no net movement of water into cell, plant becomes limp and may wilt

60
Q

what problems do hypertonic and hypotonic solutions create

A

osmotic

61
Q

tonicity

A

the ability of a solution to cause a cell to lose or gain water

62
Q

dynamic equilibrium

A

as many molecules cross one way as cross in the other direction

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