AOTA: DD, Visual, VP & Hearing Impairment

Question 1

Cortical visual impairment (CVI)

Answer 1

when children show abnormal visual responses that aren’t caused by the eyes themselves.

fixation and following — even to intense stimulation — may be poor, and the child will not respond normally to people’s faces

Question 2

retinopathy of prematurity

Answer 2

1. when abnormal blood vessels grow in the retina (the light-sensitive layer of tissue in the back of your eye)
2. occurs in premature babies/ weigh less than 3 lbs at birth

Question 3

____________ a birth defect in which one or both eyes did NOT develop fully.

a] Microphthalmia
b] Anophthalmia

Answer 3

a] Microphthalmia

Question 4

___________ is a birth defect where a baby is born WITHOUT one or both eyes.

a] Microphthalmia
b] Anophthalmia

Question 5

Microphthalmia & Anophthalmia

Answer 5

1. one or both of a baby’s eyes are small
2. conditions are rare, and can cause vision loss or blindness
3. There’s no treatment that can create a new eye or bring vision back

Question 6

Microphthalmia & Anophthalmia

Answer 6

1. conditions are rare, and can cause vision loss or blindness
2. There’s no treatment that can create a new eye or bring vision back

Question 7

Childhood glaucoma

Answer 7

1. an eye condition in which fluid pressure rises d/t the fluid drainage from the eye is blocked by abnormal development (primary) or injury (secondary) to the drainage tissues
2. pressure damage to the optic n that can cause loss of vision
3. begins before age 3

Question 8

Childhood glaucoma- S&S

Answer 8

S&S:
1. excessive tearing
2. light sensitivity (photophobia)
3. closure of one or both eyes in the light
4. cloudy, enlarged cornea (large eye)
5. one eye may be larger than the other
6. vision loss

Question 9

Retinoblastoma

Answer 9

1. a cancer that starts in the retina, the very back part of the eye.
2. most common type of eye cancer in children

Question 10

Retinoblastoma-S&S

Answer 10

S&S:
1. White (leukocoria) or red pupil instead of the normal black.
2. Misaligned eyes (strabismus) looking toward the ear or nose.
3. Reddened, painful eye.
4. Enlarged pupil.
5. Different-colored irises.
6. Poor vision.

Question 11

Congenital cataracts

Answer 11

1. when lens of the eye is cloudy at birth
2. maybe caused by changes in genes/chromosomes, injury/hypoglycemia during pregnancy, premature, infections

Question 12

Congenital cataracts-S&S

Answer 12

1. visual unawareness of surroundings
2. nystagmus (unusual rapid eye movements)

Question 13

Common postural and motor presentation of visual impairment include:

Answer 13

-Hypotonia
-Shoulder and pelvic instability
-Pronounced head tilt to one side
-Hyperextended neck
-Maintenance of wide base of support
-Tendency to move in straight planes
-High guard posture when walking

Question 14

Visual impairment-Treatment

Answer 14

1. Early: caregiver support to respond to baby’s cues (not imitating social smiles); establish sleep routines.
   (infant may not display typical attachment behaviors)
2. play exploration to promote dev. in all areas
3. accommodations/ modifications to task/ environment
4. OT should provide opportunities to use their other senses (tactile/proprioception)

Question 15

Visual performance red flags

Answer 15

-Appearing clumsy
-Difficulty locating needed items
-Trouble learning alphabet and recognizing spatial concepts
-Difficulty with drawing, writing, or reading
-Difficulty copying

Question 16

Social red flags for visual impairment

Answer 16

-Lack of interest
-Anxiety
-Decreased self-confidence