AOS 3: SLEEP Flashcards
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primary data
info collected directly from the source by the researcher (or through others) for their own specific purpose.
* from the original source for the first time by the researcher
* e.g: you will collect primary data when you conduct your own scientific investigations.
secondary data
information that was not collected directly by the current researcher but was collected at an earlier time by someone else.
* it has already been collected by some other individual, group or organisation and will not be used for the first time,
* e.g: you using info from ABS for your own research
quantative data
information that is expressed numerically.
* information about the ‘quantity’ or amount of what is being studied (how much or how many of something there is).
* e.g: the height or age of a participant
qualitative data
information that is not expressed numerically.
* information about the ‘qualities’ or characteristics of what is being studied.
* e.g: what something is like, how something is experienced
objective data
information that is observable, measurable, verifiable and free from the personal bias of the researcher.
* e.g: the data can be seen, heard or touched (observable), counted or precisely described (measurable), can be confirmed by another researcher (verifiable) and is factual (free from personal bias).
subjective data
information that is based on personal opinion, interpretation, point of view or judgment.
* this data is determined by the research participants and often cannot always be verified by the researcher.
* often biased, can vary from person to person, day to day from the same person, and is not always entirely accurate.
EEG
used to detect, amplify and record the electrical activity through electrodes manually placed at various points on the scalp.
beta waves
- highest frequency
- lowest amplitude
- irregular
- associated w/ normal waking consciousness when alert, attentive to external stimuli and intensive mental activity
- e.g. someone who is awake and physically or mentally active, with eyes open and concentrating on some mentally engaging task
alpha waves
- high frequency (slower than beta waves)
- low amplitude (slightly larger than beta waves)
- regular configuration (teeth of a comb)
- typically associated with a relaxed, calm, internally focused, wakeful state, with eyes closed
theta waves
- medium frequency (slower than alpha & beta)
- mixture of high & low amplitude waves
- typically associated with drowsiness, falling asleep, awakening from sleep, creative activites, excitement and when in a deep meditative state in which there is not awareness of external stimuli
- when falling asleep there is usually a changeover from alpha to theta waves across a period of several mins
delta waves
- lowest frequency
- highest amplitude
- typically associated with the deepest stage of sleep which precedes periods of REM sleep and unconsciousness
EMG
- used to detect, amplify and record the electrical activity of muscles
- when falling asleep, we usually become less and less alert as we drift into deeper stages of sleep
- the higher the level of muscular activity and tone, the more alert we tend to be
EOG
- measures eye movements of eye positions by detecting, amplifying and recording electrical activity in eye muscles that control eye movements
- most commonly used to measure changes in eye movements over time during different types and stages of sleep and while dreaming
sleep diaries
- ‘log’ or journal used to self-report sleep and waking time activities over a period of time (usually one week or more)
- considered to be a subjective measure because they are based on or influenced by personal feelings or interpretations
video monitoring
- monitor and record externally observable physiological responses throughout a sleep episode, including behaviours when falling asleep and when waking
circadian rhythms
- bodily changes that occur as part of a cycle with a duration of approx. 24hrs
- it synchronises all the clocks of your body to a uniform internal time sleep-wake cycle environmental cues
ultradian rhythms
- bodily changes that occur as apart of a cycle with a duration of less than 24hrs
- heart beat
- respiration
- hunger
- hormone secretion
- sleep stages
SCN & melatonin
- an internal body clock (SCN) located in the hypothalamus
- SCN receives information about the amount of incoming light from the eyes and sends neuronal messages to the nearby pineal gland to secrete more or less of the hormone melatonin into the blood
- more light = stop melatonin
- less light = more melatonin
NREM 1
- a period of relatively light sleep
- low arousal threshold
- as a result of the muscles relaxing, we sometimes experience involuntary muscle twitches (called hypnic jerks)
- physiological changes
- decrease in heart rate, breathing, body temperature and muscle tension
- slow, rolling eye movements are also likely to be observed.
NREM 2
- a period of light sleep that gradually becomes deeper.
- brain waves also generally slow further during N2.
- although the brain wave pattern is overall slower, it is marked by brief bursts of electrical activity (called sleep spindles)
- physiological changes:
- continued slowing of heart rate, breathing, muscle activity and body movements. Body temperature also continues to fall and eye movements stop.
NREM 3
- a period of deep sleep
- highest arousal threshold
- sleep inertia: if woken abruptly, they can feel
groggy and take several minutes to orient themselves, and usually have a poor memory of sleep events. - physiological changes:
- our heart rate and breathing slow to their lowest levels. muscles are completely relaxed and we barely move. no eye movements.
- brain waves become even slower, with delta waves becoming predominant.
REM
- spontaneous bursts of rapid eye movement during which the eyeballs quickly move beneath the closed eyelids, darting back and forth and up and down in jerky, but coordinated movements.
- brain wave pattern associated with REM sleep is
generally like that produced during alert wakefulness. - physiological changes:
- the heart rate is faster and more irregular. blood pressure rises, and breathing is shallower, faster and more irregular when compared with NREM sleep. however, the sleeper looks totally relaxed.
- paradoxical sleep: sleeper paralysed but body is active
demands for sleep across the life span
new borns/ children/ adolescents/ adults
newborns:
* 50% REM and 50% NREM
* 14 -15 hours
children:
* REM DECREASE NREM INCREASE
* 11-13 hours
adolescents:
* 80% NREM 20% REM
* 8-9 hours
adults:
* 80% NREM 20% REM
* 8 hours
sleep across the lifespan graph
- total sleep time gradually decreases as we get older
* significant reduction in stage 3 deep sleep as the sleep episode progresses and the frequent awakenings throughout the episode - the proportion of time spent in REM sleep decreases markedly during the first two years and then remains relatively stable through to old age
- decrease in the proportion of NREM sleep that persists through to old age