AOS 1: China (1898 - 1949) Flashcards
What years did the Qing Dynasty reign during?
1644 - 1911
3 key ideals of the old regime
-Confucianism, Daoism and Buddhism
causes of tension and conflict in old regime
- Impact of the west - Missionaries and British and opium wars
- internal conflict - Taiping Rebellion
- Qing Reform
Tension 1 in the old regime
Dates and events
- Jesuit missionaries arrived 1577 brought with them some western technologies such as cannon, calendar and map making
- Chinese sold tea, silk and porcelain to Europe only in exchange for silver, became costly on British
- 1793, Britsh asked for access to more ports other than Guangzhou, was not cleared but they still began shipping opium for commodities
- war over opium trade led to treaty of Nanjing (1842)
1928 - 1937
the nationalist decade
Ideology of the GMD (nationalists)
- Chiang influenced by confucianism thought, was meant to give China a sense of moral purpose
- Chiang’s thought was ‘confucian fascism’ - Frederick Wakeman
- Chiang believed fascism was what china needed most
- Chiang was inspired by Hitler and Mussolini.
11th June 1898
- beginning of 100 days of reform
- over 103 days between June and september, flourish of decrees were issued from the emperor (Guangxu) to reform military. education, bureaucracy and expenditure
Specific reforms of the 100 days of reform
- new schools based on western and Chinese learning
- adoption of modern military drill for armed forces
- more thorough accounting of court spending
- support for new railways and farming methods
- investment in mining and commerce
- end to confucian examinations for aspiring public servants
why did the hundred days of reform fail?
- conservatives within qing dynasty were unwilling to adopt change by peaceful means
- educated critics argued only a revolution could sweep away inequalities of old china.
reasons for the hundred days of reform
- Kang Youwei was concerned about China’s inability to deal with demands from the modern world and was at risk of being dismembered by foreign powers
- the failed outcome for China from the Sino-Japanese war
The boxer uprising
Date? What happened? Beliefs of boxer movement
- began 21 june 1900 - Cixi declared war on foreign powers
- Cixi led ironhats, group of men who were anti-foreign and neo - confucian who began a militant movement.
- these men practised martial arts and blamed flooding and famine on influence of western construction, claiming this culture was destroying feng shui
- main aim was to exterminate foreigners
September 1901
Boxer protocol
- peace treaty the Qing was forced to agree to.
- included execution of 10 officials
- 333 million in reparations’ payments
- destruction of 25 Qing forts
was arguably the mosy humiliating treaty signed by the Qing
1901 - 1911
- post boxer reforms
- reforms focused on education, military and foreign affairs (1901 - 1905)
- 1906 - 1911, reforms addressed govt administration
Results of the post boxer reforms
- was another failed attempt at reform
- ultimately led to qing’s collapse as new admin. bodies were not loyal to qing, and students sent abroad developed radical beliefs.
- Provincial assemblies led to decentralised power away from Beijing.
1905
What was established by Sun Yat sen?
Main significance
- Tongmenghui - Revolutionary alliance
- 3 principles of the people were established
- Nationalism
- Democracy
- People’s livelihood
- unity became a powerful force and was strongest political force in china.
