Aortic aneurysm Flashcards
The name aneurysm comes from the greek meaning dilation. In order for an artery to be defined as having an aneurysm, the original diameter must be increased by what %?
1 - >10%
2 - >30%
3 - >50%
4 - >80%
3 - >50%
What is the prevalence of the aortic aneurysms in the UK?
1 - 1.3%
2 - 13%
3 - 33%
4 - 53%
1 - 1.3%
- rates are falling as men aged >65y/o are invited for screening
Are women or men more likely to have an aortic aneurysm?
- men
What is the mortality from a ruptured aneurysm in adults aged 55-59 y/o?
1 - 12,500
2 - 125,000
3 - 1.25 million
4 - 125 million
4 - 125 million
All of the following are sites where aneurysms can occur, but which is the least common?
1 - abdominal aorta
2 - iliac
3 - femoral
4 - aortic arch
5 - popliteal
6 - infra-renal
4 - aortic arch
- most common is abdominal aorta, specifically infra-renal as:
1 - increased bifurcation stresses
2 - thinning of media
3 - lower levels of elastin
There are 2 main types of aneurysm; true and pseudoaneurysm. In which of these are all 3 layers of the artery affected?
- true aneurysm
Which 2 of the following are real types of true aneurysms?
1 - fusiform
2 - sagittal
3 - transverse
4 - saccular/berry
1 - fusiform
- equal aneurysm on both sides
4 - saccular/berry
- aneurysm on one side of the artery, so looks like a berry
There are 2 main types of aneurysm; true and pseudoaneurysm (also called aortic dissection). In a pseudoaneurysm blood leaks out from the lumen and collects where?
1 - in cavity where leak occurs
2 - diffuses into endothelial cells
3 - in the tunica media (smooth muscle)
4 - between tunica intima and media
3 - in the tunica media (smooth muscle)
Between the intima and adventitia
Which of the following are typical risk factors for an aneurysm?
1 - severe atherosclerotic damage
2 - family history
3 - tobacco smoking
4 - male sex.
5 - increasing age.
6 - hypertension
7 - COPD
8 - hyperlipidaemia
9 - all of the above
9 - all of the above
Anything that can weaken the arterial walls can cause an aneurysm. Which of the following is NOT a common cause of an aneurysms?
1 - atheroma plaque
2 - trauma
3 - infection
4 - connective tissue disorder
5 - hypotension
6 - hypertension
5 - hypotension
Connective tissue disorders can cause aneurysms. Which 2 of the following is most commonly implicated?
1 - Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)
2 - Marfan ehlers danlos
3 - Lupus
4 - Marfan syndrome
2 - Marfan ehlers danlos
- defective collagen synthesis
4 - Marfan syndrome
- defective fibrillin synthesis
Infections, such as tertiary syphilis can cause aneurysms. How does this occur?
1 - infection damaged the tunica intima damaging vaso vasorum
2 - damages endothelial cells leading to atheroma
3 - induces atrophy of smooth muscles weakening arterial walls
4 - all of the above
1 - infection damaged the tunica intima damaging vaso vasorum
All of the following are common complications of an aneurysm, but which is most serious?
1 - thrombosis
2 - rupture
3 - embolism
4 - fistulae (pressure on other structures)
2 - rupture
- high mortality
How do aortic aneurysms cause embolisms?
1 - platelets collect in the aneurysm
2 - blood pools in cavities
3 - blood collects in the aneurysm causing stasis and causes an embolism
4 - blood becomes turbulent and increases risk of endothelial damage
3 - blood collects in the aneurysm causing stasis and causes an embolism
In an abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA), patients are typically asymptomatic. However, which of the following can patients present with if the AAA ruptures ?
1 - intermittent /continuous pain
2 - pain radiating to back, iliac fossa and/or groin
3 - collapse (if ruptures)
4 - shock/hypotension
5 - expansile mass
6 - all of the above
6 - all of the above