AOM 1

Question 1

Why are drugs prescribed? (6 reasons)

Answer 1

Palliative: relieves symptoms only (meds for flu)
Curative: cures disease/ infection (antibiotics)
Supportive: support body function until treatment/ body’s response take over
Substitutive: Replaces body fluids/ substances
Chemotherapeutic: destroys malignant cells
Restorative: returns the body to health

Question 2

Difference between generic name & trade name

Answer 2

Generic name: name given before drug officially approved, used thruout lifetime
Trade (brand) name: given by drug manufacturer

Question 3

What is important for the nurse to clarify before AOM?

Answer 3

The nurse understands the therapeutic use of the medication, its normal dose, side effects, precautions & contra-indication

Question 4

What is therapeutic effect of drugs?

Answer 4

Desired effect
it is the reason the drug is prescribed for primary effect intended

Question 5

What is side effect of drugs?

Answer 5

Secondary effect
unintended, usually predictable, may be harmless/ potentially harmful

Question 6

what can justify for discontinuation of a drug? (with examples)

Answer 6

Adverse effects/ reactions, eg overdose, secondary drug effects, drug interactions, drug tolerance & idiosyncrasies

Question 7

What causes drug toxicity?

Answer 7

Over dosage, ingestion of external use drug;
Buildup of drug in blood (cumulative effect) due to impaired metabolism/ excretion

Question 8

What is drug tolerance

Answer 8

Need increasing doses to maintain a given therapeutic effect
Idiosyncratic effect: unexpected, unpredictable & unexplainable symptoms to an individual client

Question 9

What are the 4 types of drug interaction? (xxx effect)

Answer 9

Potentiating: effect of 1/both drugs are increased
Inhibiting: effect of 1/ both drugs are decreased
Additive: when same types of drugs increase the action of 1/ another drug
Synergistic: 2 different drugs increase the action of 1/ another drug by a greater response

Question 10

Briefly describe drug conc. in blood plasma following a single dose (IV & oral)

Answer 10

Intravenous: decreases regularly
Oral: 0 initially, increases to peak plasma level, then drop

Question 11

what are the 3 phases of drug action on body

Answer 11

Pharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics

Question 12

4 steps of pharmacokinetics

Answer 12

Absorption: drug passes intro bloodstream
Distribution: drug becomes available to body fluids & body tissues (transport from absorption site to site of action)
Metabolism/ biotransformation/ detoxification
excretion

Question 13

3 factors affecting drug absorption

Answer 13

drug form
route
food/ other drugs
pH of stomach
nature of absorbing surface/ membrane
flow of blood at administrative site
solubility of drug

Question 14

3 factors affecting drug distribution

Answer 14

blood flow
drug’s affinity for lipid/ aqueous tissue
protein-binding effect

Question 15

What is drug metabolism/ detoxification/ biotransformation?

Answer 15

the body’s ability to change a drug biologically from its dosage or parent form to a more water-soluble form
liver is the primary site of metabolism -> in liver diseases: reduced drug metabolism rate leads to excess drug accumulation & toxicity

Question 16

What should we beware of in terms of drug dosage for the elderly/ ppl with renal disease?

Answer 16

Decrease drug dosage
As they have a lower drug excretion rate which leads to accumulation hence adverse reactions

Question 17

routes of AOM and their abbreviations

Answer 17

oral (PO); sublingual (SL) (under tongue);
parenteral - intradermal (ID), subcutaneous (SC), intramuscular (IM), intravenous (IV);
topical - transdermal (patch/ LA), inhalations (puff/ inh), instillations & irrigations: rectal (PR), vaginal (PV), eyes ears, nose, urinary bladder

Question 18

drug admin frequency: QD vs QID

Answer 18

QD: once daily
QID: 4 times per day

Question 19

what drugs could be administrated when suspect drug allergy?

Answer 19

Antihistamines - mild symptoms eg rash, hives, itching
Bronchodilators - asthma-like symptoms (wheezing/ cough)
Corticosteroids thru oral/ IV - angiodema/ bronchospasm

Question 20

5 rights in 3 check 5 rights

Answer 20

Drug name
Dosage
Patient name
Route
Time (frequency)