AO3 and Things IDK Biopsych

Question 1

Dendrites function

Answer 1

Where neurotransmitter receptors are found
NT and receptors bind and causes electrical impulse to occur.

Question 2

Terminal button function

Answer 2

End of neurone
Send info through to next neurone through release of NT

Question 3

Location of sensory

Answer 3

In PNS in clusters called ganglia

Question 4

Location of relay

Answer 4

Brain and visual system

Question 5

Location of motor

Answer 5

Cell bodies found in CNS but long axons form part of PNS

Question 6

Endocrine system provides…

Answer 6

provides a chemical system of communication within blood stream to regulate activity of cells and organs in the body.

Question 7

F/F 1 strength 2 weakness

Answer 7

Uses scientific methods, based on objective and empirical methods (testing heart rate and blood pressure)

:( Does not explain stress response in females- gender bias assumes men and women respond in same way.

:( Too simplistic- human behaviour is not limited to two responses, F/F response does not consider other factors e.g. thought processes

Question 8

Localisation of brain 1 strength case study one limitation case study and counter

Answer 8

Broca- reported case study of man who could only say ‘tan’ even tho he could understand language. Post mortems show damage to area now called Broca’s. Shows language production localised

:( Patient EB, language must be in more areas that LH- suggests holistic explanation of brain functioning more appropriate.

BOTH Lacks population validity, unique case studies brain damage may have affected the way the brain functions, more diverse samples needed

Question 9

Hemispheric Lateralisation 1 strength case study and counter, then one contradictory case study and counter

Answer 9

Sperry- split brain patients w severed CC found when ppts shown image in RVF then could name, when presented in LVF they could only identify w pointing. Support that brain is lateralised
COUNTER- individual differences, degree of how severed CC is varied, may not measure lateralisation effectively.

:( Patient EB, demonstrates language must be in more areas than LH
COUNTER- low pop validity

Question 10

Split brain research 1 strength 2 weakness

Answer 10

Uses scientific methods such as controlled lab settings

:( individual differences in degree of severation

:( Patient EB

Question 11

Plasticity and functional recovery AO3

Answer 11

Plasticity- Maguire et al

:) Patient EB, suggests EB brain experienced recruitment of homologous areas and demonstrates brain can adapt to produce language even when LH is not present or functioning

:( lack population validity

Question 12

Indirect effect of adrenaline

Answer 12

Prepares body for action such as F/F
Increases blood supply to skeletal muscles for physical action stops digestion and saliva production
Increase oxygen to brain for rapid response blanning

Question 13

Direct effect of adrenaline

Answer 13

Increase heart rate increasing rate of blood flow and blood pressure
Increases blood flow to brain and skeletal muscles

Question 14

fMRI AO3

Answer 14

safer technique non-invasive doesn’t use radiation to identify differences in brain areas. UNLIKE PET SCANS. fMRI more appropriate- reduces harm to ind.

higher spatial resolution than EEG and ERP- accurately identifies brain areas involved in behaviour, depicting detail by the millimetre and providing a clear image of how the brain is localised.

:( fMRI has poorer temporal resolution as there is around a 5-second time lag behind image on screen and initial firing of neuronal activity- may not truly represent moment-to-moment brain activity.

Question 15

fmri

Answer 15

functional magnetic resonance imaging

Question 16

EEG AO3

Answer 16

high temporal resolution- enables researcher to take real time recording of brain activity rather than a still image of the brain unlike fMRI and post mortem. gain more accurate measure of brain activity in a particular task. inc validity- provides greater insight

:( low spatial resolution- only provide info on general activity of the brain, cannot pinpoint exact source of neural activity that is involved UNLIKE ERP which can identify specific brain activity

Question 17

ERP AO3

Answer 17

high temporal resolution especially when compared to fMRI. ERPs can identify brain activity every millisecond so researchers can see brain activity in real time.

:( poorer spatial resolution than fMRI as only detect brain activity in general brain areas rather than specific location.

:( hard to obtain meaningful data from use of ERPs because they can be affected by external factors e.g. background noise which means it can take many trials to obtain meaningful data, limits validity.

Question 18

Post mortems AO3

Answer 18

ONLY invasive way to study brain- possible to get more detailed examination of brain that would be possible through solely using brain scanning techniques e.g. EEGS and ERPs. E.G. researchers able to study deeper brain areas like hypothalamus- helped understand brain functioning in many different behaviours.

:( hard to establish cause and effect w post mortem studies as there are many confounding variables which cant be easily controlled e.g. age, drug treatment. limits int validity

Question 19

circadian rhythm ao3

Answer 19

siffre- isolated in cave, developed consistent 25hr cycle- SWC controlled by endogenous pacemaker SCN
however longer than 24hr so exogenous zeitgebers mayy be important in painting SWC
:( low population validity, some peoples circadian rhythms may be slower and more easily influenced by exogenous zeitgebers

led to practical applications, given researchers better understanding of consequences of disrupting circadian rhythm e.g. nightworkers have period of reduced concentration around 6am- accidents more likely. used by employers to manage worker productivity, improves economy

Question 20

circadian rhythm

Answer 20

sleep wake cycle
exogenous zeitgeber and endogenous pacemakers.

Question 21

infradian rhythm ao3

Answer 21

russel- asked sample of women to wear cotton pads under their arm, cotton pads were rubbed on upper lip of 5 sexually inactive women, repeated daily for 5 month. found 4/5 cycles synchronise within one day of donor cycle- therefore suggests menstrual cycle can be affected by exogenous factors a well as controlled by endogenous pacemakers
:( field experiment- low control over extraneous variables , took part in natural environment where other exogenous factors e.g. light, diet, stress could have affected infradian rhythm, therefore difficult to establish cause and effect between influence of pheromones wekens extent of supporting research

research findings can be explained by evolutionary psychologists. would’ve been advantageous in evolutionary past to synchronise pregnancy so women breastfed at same time and took over for caring for orphaned children to improve survival. synchronisation of cycle is an adaptive strategy and supports exogenous factors influencing infradian rhythms

Question 22

infradian rhythm

Answer 22

menstrual cycle

Question 23

ultradian rhythm ao3

Answer 23

practical applications in understnaiding age related sleep changes. growth hormone produced in s4 sleep associated w sleep deficit in old age, research found older people experience less s4 sleep–> medication and relaxation techniques developed to increase s4 sleep and prevent issues like reduced alterness

uses scientific methods- EEGS and controlled lab settings- scientifically measure activity of brain throughout 5 stages to identify length of rhythm and how many times it occurs in sleep excluding extraneous variables e.g noise and temp. inc. int validity raising psych scientific status.
:( research may have low eco val- artificial setting- sleep experienced may not reflect genuine sleep patterns due to unfamiliar surroundings and because they are attached to electrodes, may alter length of ultradian rhythm- difficult to generalise findings.

Question 24

ultradian rhythm

Answer 24

stages of sleep

Question 25

endogenous p and exogenous z on swc ao3

Answer 25

decoursey et al, destroyed scn connections in brain of 30 chipmunks who were returned to natural habitat for 80 days. swc of chipmunks disappear significant proportion killed- may be because they were awake and vulnerable to attack when they should have been asleep–> support influence and importance of endogenous pacemakers scn on maintenance of swc- exogenous zeitgebers alone cant maintain
:( animal bias

siffre, isolated in cave for 6m from all exogenous zeitgebers- developed consistent 25hr cycle, continued to fall asleep and wake up on regular schedule- suggest swc controlled by endogenous pacemaker
:( lacks eco val- highly controlled, do not reflect ep ez interactions in real life. only in exceptional circumstances they r free running- reduce ext val