Anxiety/OCD/Trauma

Question 1

Explain Fight of Flight.

Answer 1

Physiological changes in the body that occur in responce to a perceived threat to prepare the body for resisting and fleeing from event.

Question 2

Difference between true and false alarms?

Answer 2

True alarms occur in responce to a direct danger, while false alarms (the hallmark for anxiety disorders) have no direct threat attached.

Question 3

Explain Barlow’s concept of Triple Vulnerability.

Answer 3

Increases the severity of an alarm trigger. Includes biological factors (general predisopsition), generalised psychological facts (the world is dangerous) and specific psychological factors.

Question 4

What is Negative Affectivity?

Answer 4

Subjective distress involving anxiety, disgust and anger.

Question 5

What is Specific Phobia?

Answer 5

characterised by extreme fear of a specific object/situation, which results in avoidance of that sit/object.

Question 6

What are the DSM 5’s subtypes of phobias according to primary focus of fear?

Answer 6

Animal, Natural Environment, Blood Injection and Injury, and Situational

Question 7

What is the onset time period for Specific Phobias?

Answer 7

Early in life

Question 8

What is Prepared Classical Conditioning?

Answer 8

theory that evolution has prepared people to be easily conditioned to fear objects/sits that were dangerous in prehistoric times.

Question 9

Explain the theory that Specific Phobias are actually False Alarms.

Answer 9

Instances of fight or flight reponce triggered inappropriately or excessively in the presence of a specific object/sit.

Question 10

What is Exposure therapy in terms of SP?

Answer 10

person with phobia gradually faces phobic stimulus in real life (in vivo) by imagining or experiencing computer generated realities.

Question 11

What is Flooding in Exposure therapy?

Answer 11

technique in which client is intensively exposed to a feared object until his/her anxiety diminishes.

Question 12

What is Agoraphobia?

Answer 12

anxiety about being in a place hard to escape. The underlying principle is fear of panic and consequences in this environment.

Question 13

What is a panic attack?

Answer 13

episode of intense fear/disomfort in which there is a rapid increase in symptoms such as racing heart, sweating, trembling etc.

Question 14

What is Panic Disorder?

Answer 14

characterised by recurrent and unexpected panic attacks. There are persistent concerns about additional attacks/consequences, and significant changes in behaviour relating to attacks.

Question 15

What is anxiety sensitivity?

Answer 15

belief that the bodily symptoms of anxiety have harmful consequences.

Question 16

Explain Clark’s Model of Panic Disorder.

Answer 16

ppl misinterpret physical sensation in a catastrophic way, which elicits flight or fight.

Question 17

What are the Pharmacological treatment options for PD?

Answer 17

tricyclic antidepressants, SSRI’s, Benzodiazepines

Question 18

How is CBT used for PD?`

Answer 18

aims to address phobic avoidances (external with graded in vivo exposure, and internal with behavioural and cognitive techniques)

Question 19

What is Social Anxiety Disorder?

Answer 19

extreme fear of being judged or embarassed in front of others, casuing person to avoid social situations; fear is recognised as irrational and excessive.

Question 20

What is the aetiology of social phobia?

Answer 20

genetics, cognitive dysfunctions, distored way that people perceive they are being evaluated, attach considerable importance to evaluation of others.

Question 21

What is targeted in treatment for social phobia?

Answer 21

cognitive vulnerabilities and behavioural avoidances.

Question 22

What does CBT for social phobia entail?

Answer 22

psychoeducation, skills for challenging negative thoughts, attention training, reduce reliance on safety behaviours, challenge neg core beliefs

Question 23

What is Imagery Rescripting?

Answer 23

identifying recurrent neg images and working to modify meaning.

Question 24

What is Generalised Anxiety Disorder?

Answer 24

Chronic worry in daily life accompanied by physical symptoms of tension. person can not dismiss thoughts, and anxiety about a range of future focused fears. People tend to overestimate likelyhood of catastrophic events while underestimating ability to cope.

Question 25

What is Rapee’s Information Processing Model?

Answer 25

people with GAD look out for threats and selectively attend to them; anxiety reduces when perception of control over threat has occured.

Question 26

From Well’s Metacognitive Model, explain the two types of worry.

Answer 26

Type I is for normal everyday events, and Type II involves metabeliefs (worrying about worry). Worry can include positive beliefs which activate unhealthy coping strategies.

Question 27

Explain the Intolerance of Uncertainty Model

Answer 27

situations that involve uncertain outcomes trigger negative responces in ppl with GAD.

Question 28

What are the pharmagolocial treatment options for GAD?

Answer 28

benzodiazepines, azapirones, tricyclic antidepressants and SNRI’s

Question 29

Explain CBT for GAD?

Answer 29

psychoeducation about worry and teaching realistic thinking skills, cog restructuring, relaxation. Also mindfulness, IPT and ACT.

Question 30

What are obsessions?

Answer 30

uncontrollable, persistent and recurrent thoughts, images, ideas or impulses that an individual feels intrude uponconcious and cause significant anxiety.

Question 31

What are compulsions?

Answer 31

repetative behaviours that a person feels compelled to perform in responce to an obsession/

Question 32

What is the neuropsychological model of OCD?

Answer 32

may result from failure of inhibitory pathways in basal ganglia to stop behavioural macros being triggered in responce to stimuli/

Question 33

Explain the cognitive model for OCD?

Answer 33

results from misinterpretation of intrusive thoughts; behavioural reponces are driven by desire to reduce threat appraisal and seek safety.

Question 34

What are the treatment options for OCD?

Answer 34

Exposure and Responce Prevention (confronted feared stimulus and typical compulsive responce is prevented or reduced.) Also SSRIs

Question 35

What is PTSD?

Answer 35

entails extreme stress reactions after exposure to a traumatic event (threated or actual harm involved). Symptoms include reexperiencing symptoms, avoidance symptoms, neg changes in mood and cognitions, and marked alterations in arousal for at least 1 month.

Question 36

What are the risk factors of PTSD?

Answer 36

history of psychological disturbance, prior trauma, low IQ, female, severe trauma exposure, less social support.

Question 37

What do cognitive models say about PTSD?

Answer 37

maladaptive appraisals and interprestations of traumatic event, responce and environment after trauma are pivital in terms of perpetuating sense of threat.

Question 38

What do biological accounts say about PTSD?

Answer 38

extreme arousal playing role in strengthening the feared conditioning process; sympathetic arousal (releases adrenaline and noreadrenaline into cortex.)

Question 39

What are the treatment options for PTSD?

Answer 39

CBT - psychoed, anxiety managment, cog restructuring, prolonged imaginal exposure, possible presentation straight after exposure.