Anxiety/OCD/Trauma Flashcards
Explain Fight of Flight.
Physiological changes in the body that occur in responce to a perceived threat to prepare the body for resisting and fleeing from event.
Difference between true and false alarms?
True alarms occur in responce to a direct danger, while false alarms (the hallmark for anxiety disorders) have no direct threat attached.
Explain Barlow’s concept of Triple Vulnerability.
Increases the severity of an alarm trigger. Includes biological factors (general predisopsition), generalised psychological facts (the world is dangerous) and specific psychological factors.
What is Negative Affectivity?
Subjective distress involving anxiety, disgust and anger.
What is Specific Phobia?
characterised by extreme fear of a specific object/situation, which results in avoidance of that sit/object.
What are the DSM 5’s subtypes of phobias according to primary focus of fear?
Animal, Natural Environment, Blood Injection and Injury, and Situational
What is the onset time period for Specific Phobias?
Early in life
What is Prepared Classical Conditioning?
theory that evolution has prepared people to be easily conditioned to fear objects/sits that were dangerous in prehistoric times.
Explain the theory that Specific Phobias are actually False Alarms.
Instances of fight or flight reponce triggered inappropriately or excessively in the presence of a specific object/sit.
What is Exposure therapy in terms of SP?
person with phobia gradually faces phobic stimulus in real life (in vivo) by imagining or experiencing computer generated realities.
What is Flooding in Exposure therapy?
technique in which client is intensively exposed to a feared object until his/her anxiety diminishes.
What is Agoraphobia?
anxiety about being in a place hard to escape. The underlying principle is fear of panic and consequences in this environment.
What is a panic attack?
episode of intense fear/disomfort in which there is a rapid increase in symptoms such as racing heart, sweating, trembling etc.
What is Panic Disorder?
characterised by recurrent and unexpected panic attacks. There are persistent concerns about additional attacks/consequences, and significant changes in behaviour relating to attacks.
What is anxiety sensitivity?
belief that the bodily symptoms of anxiety have harmful consequences.
Explain Clark’s Model of Panic Disorder.
ppl misinterpret physical sensation in a catastrophic way, which elicits flight or fight.
What are the Pharmacological treatment options for PD?
tricyclic antidepressants, SSRI’s, Benzodiazepines
How is CBT used for PD?`
aims to address phobic avoidances (external with graded in vivo exposure, and internal with behavioural and cognitive techniques)
What is Social Anxiety Disorder?
extreme fear of being judged or embarassed in front of others, casuing person to avoid social situations; fear is recognised as irrational and excessive.
What is the aetiology of social phobia?
genetics, cognitive dysfunctions, distored way that people perceive they are being evaluated, attach considerable importance to evaluation of others.
What is targeted in treatment for social phobia?
cognitive vulnerabilities and behavioural avoidances.
What does CBT for social phobia entail?
psychoeducation, skills for challenging negative thoughts, attention training, reduce reliance on safety behaviours, challenge neg core beliefs
What is Imagery Rescripting?
identifying recurrent neg images and working to modify meaning.
What is Generalised Anxiety Disorder?
Chronic worry in daily life accompanied by physical symptoms of tension. person can not dismiss thoughts, and anxiety about a range of future focused fears. People tend to overestimate likelyhood of catastrophic events while underestimating ability to cope.
What is Rapee’s Information Processing Model?
people with GAD look out for threats and selectively attend to them; anxiety reduces when perception of control over threat has occured.
From Well’s Metacognitive Model, explain the two types of worry.
Type I is for normal everyday events, and Type II involves metabeliefs (worrying about worry). Worry can include positive beliefs which activate unhealthy coping strategies.
Explain the Intolerance of Uncertainty Model
situations that involve uncertain outcomes trigger negative responces in ppl with GAD.
What are the pharmagolocial treatment options for GAD?
benzodiazepines, azapirones, tricyclic antidepressants and SNRI’s
Explain CBT for GAD?
psychoeducation about worry and teaching realistic thinking skills, cog restructuring, relaxation. Also mindfulness, IPT and ACT.
What are obsessions?
uncontrollable, persistent and recurrent thoughts, images, ideas or impulses that an individual feels intrude uponconcious and cause significant anxiety.
What are compulsions?
repetative behaviours that a person feels compelled to perform in responce to an obsession/
What is the neuropsychological model of OCD?
may result from failure of inhibitory pathways in basal ganglia to stop behavioural macros being triggered in responce to stimuli/
Explain the cognitive model for OCD?
results from misinterpretation of intrusive thoughts; behavioural reponces are driven by desire to reduce threat appraisal and seek safety.
What are the treatment options for OCD?
Exposure and Responce Prevention (confronted feared stimulus and typical compulsive responce is prevented or reduced.) Also SSRIs
What is PTSD?
entails extreme stress reactions after exposure to a traumatic event (threated or actual harm involved). Symptoms include reexperiencing symptoms, avoidance symptoms, neg changes in mood and cognitions, and marked alterations in arousal for at least 1 month.
What are the risk factors of PTSD?
history of psychological disturbance, prior trauma, low IQ, female, severe trauma exposure, less social support.
What do cognitive models say about PTSD?
maladaptive appraisals and interprestations of traumatic event, responce and environment after trauma are pivital in terms of perpetuating sense of threat.
What do biological accounts say about PTSD?
extreme arousal playing role in strengthening the feared conditioning process; sympathetic arousal (releases adrenaline and noreadrenaline into cortex.)
What are the treatment options for PTSD?
CBT - psychoed, anxiety managment, cog restructuring, prolonged imaginal exposure, possible presentation straight after exposure.
