Antimicrobials II Flashcards
What is the mechanism of Oseltamivir? What is it used for?
Prevents viral release from host cells.
Used for: Influenza A/B, H1N1
What are the two NRTIs? What is their mechanism?
Zidovudine and Lamivudine.
They inhibit reverse transcriptase.
What are Zidovudine and Lamivudine each for?
Zidovudine: HIV
Lamivudine: HIV, HBV
What is the mechanism of Efavirenz? What is it used for?
Inhibits reverse transcriptase at a site removed from nucleoside binding site.
Used for HIV
Also: affects CYP450 metabolism.
What is the mechanism of protease inhibitors? Which ones are used for HIV and HCV? What are their side effects?
They prevent chopping up of protein chain into functional subunits.
Side effect: lipodystrophy syndrome
HIV: Ritonavir, Amprenavir
HCV: Bocepravir, Telepravir
What are the fusion inhibitors used to treat HIV? What is their mechanism?
Enfurvitide and Maraviroc.
They prevent viral cell entry.
What is a side effect of Maraviroc?
Possible increased susceptibility to TB and fungi.
What is an HIV integrase inhibitor. What is its mechanism?
Raltegravir.
Binds to HIV integrase to prevent viral DNA strand transfer.
What is the mechanism of Amphotericin B and Nystatin?
Form pores in fungal cell membrane, allowing leakage of K and Mg.
What is Amphotericin B used for? What is a side effect?
Life threatening deep mycosis; occasionally used with flucytosine in immunocompromised hosts.
Chronic: fall in renal function, RTA, normocytic anemia, K/Mg wasting
What is Nystatin used for?
Topically against candidiasis. (Not against dermatophytes)
What are the two azoles? What do they do?
Clotrimazole (topical), fluconazole (systemic).
Inhibit ergosterol synthesis by inhibiting lanosterol demethylase.
Used for candidiases and dermatophytes.
What are the two allylamines? What do they do?
Tolnaftate, terbinafine.
Inhibit ergosterol synthesis by inhibiting squalene epoxidase.
Used for topical dermatophytes. Terbinafine is effectigve against onychomycoses,
What is the mechanism of Capsofungin? What is it used for?
Inhibits glucan synthase complex.
Used for life-threatening fungal infections unresponsive to older agents.
What is often used in combo with amphotericin B in life threatening fungal infections in immunocompromised patients? What is its mechanism?
Flucytosine.
It is a prodrug converted by fungal enzyme to analog inhibitor of pyrimidine nucleotide synthesis.
