antimicrobials

Question 0

VRE

Answer 0

vancomycin resistant enterococci, genes Van A,B,C, resistance is developed after use of aroparain in animal feed

Question 1

MRSA

Answer 1

methicillin resistant S. aureus- changes the genetic mutation gene of PBP 2 to PBP 2a, has a cell wall target site alteration

Question 2

ESBL

Answer 2

extended spectrum beta-lactamase, gram - bacteria, problem in ICU, mutation of many genes

Question 3

solution to superbugs

Answer 3

synthesis of semi-synthetic penicillin with a structure where active portion of antibiotic is protected, add a side group

Question 4

pseudomonas aeruginosa

Answer 4

gram negative bacteria, an opportunistic pathogen, normal inhabitant of soil and water. It lives in liquid soap and water, drug efflux pump

Question 5

streptococcus pneumoniae

Answer 5

cause UTI and systemic infection and meningitis, resistant to penicillin and mutation in PBP

Question 6

what are some problems with antimicrobials?

Answer 6

damages the host as much or more than pathogens

SULFA- 1st synthetic antimicrobial substance to act selectively on bacteria aka synthetic folic acid

Question 7

Penicilin

Answer 7

used in WW II, discovered by fleming, has a beta lactam ring to inhibit cell wall synthesis, but bacteria mutated

Question 8

5 classes and example of antimicrobial

Answer 8

1. inhibition of cell wall synthesis: penicillin, vancomycin
2. inhibition of plasma membrane: polymixin B (topical), no gram + due to cell wall protection
3. Inhibition of protein synthesis : aminoglycosides
4. Inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis: quinolones, acyclovir
5. Inhibition synthesis of essential metabolites: SULFA, folic acid inh.

Question 9

What’s wrong with anti-fungal agents?

Answer 9

they are eukarocytes had affect plasma membrane ( ergosterol). Drug is amphotericin B

Question 10

drugs for malaria

Answer 10

Quinine, in bark of tree, tonic water

Question 11

disk diffusion aka kirby bauer test

Answer 11

uses SIR to see susceptibility. I are not used unless it is a UTI. Minimum inhibitory concentration- MIC ( over it)

Question 12

Drug efflux pump

Answer 12

effective resistance for soil bacteria, where they pump antibiotics out of the cells

Question 13

3 mechanisms for foreign DNA uptake

Answer 13

transformation- transfer of DNA from free to dead bacteria
transduction- virus transfer from one DNA to another
conjugation- direct transfer from one bacteria to another through sex pilus