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HOME STRETCH > Antimicrobials > Flashcards

Antimicrobials Flashcards

1
Q

Nitroimidazoles consist of what two medications

A

metronidazole, ronizadole

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2
Q

what do nitroimidazoles fight against?

A

obligate anaerobes
protozoa (giardia)

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3
Q

Are nitroimidazoles bacteriocidal or bacteriostatic?

A

bactericidal and protozoacidal

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4
Q

what do nitroimidazoles disrupt?

A

synthesis of DNA and nucleic acids

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5
Q

What are the side effects of nitroimidazoles?

A

neurotoxicity
illegal use in food animals

Ronidazole - fights against T. foetus. Illegal to use in food animals. Carcinogenic. Chemotherapy drug

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6
Q

What medications make up amphenicols?

A

1) chloramphenicol
2) florfenicol

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7
Q

what do amphenicols protect against

A

gram positive (+)
gram - (negative)
rickettsia
mycoplasma
chlamydia

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8
Q

what do amphenicols disrupt?

A

synthesis of bacterial protein

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9
Q

what are the side effects of amphenicols?

A

D+
bone marrow suppression
WEAR GLOVES when touching - can cause abortion

Chloramphenicols: do NOT use in food producing animals; causes APLASTIC ANEMIA in humans

Florfenicol: approved use in cattle

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10
Q

What medication causes aplastic anemia in humans?

A

chloramphenicol

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11
Q

What medication is approved use in cattle?

A

Florfenicol

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12
Q

what genre of medication can cause abortion when touched without gloves?

A

amphenicols

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13
Q

are amphenicols bactericidal or bacteriostatic?

A

bacteriostatic

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14
Q

are lincosamides bactericidal or bacteriostatic?

A

BOTH

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15
Q

what medications fall under lincosamides?

A

lincomycin
clindamycin
pirlimycin

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16
Q

what do lincosamides disrupt?

A

bacterial protein synthesis

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17
Q

what do lincosamides protect against?

A

gram positive (+)
obligate anaerobes
mycoplasma

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18
Q

what are the side effects of lincosamides?

A

D+
CONTRAINDICATED in horses

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19
Q

are macrolides bacteriostatic or bactericidal?

A

bacteriostatic

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20
Q

what do macrolides disrupt?

A

protein synthesis

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21
Q

what are drugs that are macrolides?

A

erythromycin
azithromycin
clarithromycin
tilmicosin
tylosin

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22
Q

what do macrolides protect against?

A

gram positive (+)
obligate anaerobes
pencillinase producing staphylococcus
mycoplasma

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23
Q

what are the side effects of macrolides?

A

D+
ERYTHROMYCIN AND TYLOSIN - CAUSES FATAL D+ IN HORSES!!

24
Q

are fluoroquinolones bacteriostatic or bactericidal?

A

bactericidal

25
Q

what do fluoroquinolones disrupt

A

DNA synthesis and supercoiling

26
Q

what do fluoroquinolones fight against

A

gram negative (-)
Brucella
Mycobacterium
Mycoplasma
Chlamydia
Rickettsia

27
Q

what are the side effects of fluoroquinolones?

A

D+
cartilage damage (young animals)
blindness in cats @ high doses
seizures
DO NOT USE IN PREGNANT ANIMALS
CIPROFLOXACIN: CONTRAINDICATED IN HORSES

28
Q

what drugs fall under fluoroquinolones?

A

enrofloxacin
marbofloxacin
orbifloxcain
ciprofloxacin
diflofloxacin
pradofloxacin

29
Q

are penicillins bactericidal or bacteriostatic?

A

bactericidal

30
Q

what do penicillins disrupt?

A

cell wall synthesis

31
Q

what do penicillins protect against?

A

gram positive (+)
obligate anaerobes

32
Q

what are the side effects of penicillins?

A

D+
hypersensitivity reactions

33
Q

what medications fall under penicillins?

A

Narrow:
-Pen G
-Pen V

Penicillins:
-Ampicillin
-Amoxicillin

Potentiated:
-Amoxicillin + Clavunate

34
Q

What do amoxicllin + clavunate protect against?

A

beta lactamase producing staphylococcus
gram negative (-)

35
Q

are tetracyclines bacteriostatic or bactericidal?

A

bacteriostatic

36
Q

what do tetracyclines protect against?

A

gram positive (+)
chlamydia
rickettsia
borreia
mycoplasma

37
Q

what are the side effects of tetracyclines?

A

d+
esophageal strictures in cats
decreases oral absorption when given w/ calcium + iron containing products such as sucralfate, antacids
binds to enamel of neonates causing yellow discoloration
doxycycline IV CONTRAINDICATED in horses

38
Q

what drugs fall under tetracyclines?

A

doxycycline
tetracycline
oxytetracycline
minocycline

39
Q

are sulfonamides bacteriostatic or bactericidal?

40
Q

what are the side effects of sulfonamides?

A

SULFA DRUGS

D+
hypersensitivity reactions in dogs (skin, liver, eyes, joints)
bone marrow suppression
teratogenic

41
Q

what do sulfonamides protect against?

A

gram +
gram -
protozoa (some - coccidia)

42
Q

what drugs fall under sulfonamides?

A

sulfadiazine (colitis) + trimethoprim
sulfamethoxazole + trimethoprim
sulfadimethoxine (albon) + ormetoprim

43
Q

what do sulfonamides disrupt?

A

production of folic acid

44
Q

are cephalosporins bactericidal or bacteriostatic?

A

bactericidal

45
Q

what do cephalosporins disrupt?

A

cell wall synthesis

46
Q

what are the side effects of cephalosporins?

A

d+
v+
anorexia
hypersensitivity reactions

47
Q

what do cephalosporins protect against?

A

1st gen:
gram +
staphylococcus penicillinase producing

2nd gen:
gram - >gram +

3rd gen:
gram -»gram +
beta lactamase resistant

4th gen:
enterobacteriae
pseudomonas
broader spectrum

48
Q

what drugs make up cephalosporins?

A

1st gen:
cefazolin
cephalexin
cefadroxil

2nd gen:
cefotetan
cefoxitin

3rd gen:
cefpodoxime (simplicef)
cefovecin (convenia)
cefitofur
ceftraxone
cefotaxine

4th gen:
cefepime

49
Q

are aminoglycosides bactericidal or bacteriostatic?

A

bactericidal

50
Q

what do aminoglycosides disrupt?

A

protein synthesis

51
Q

what are the drugs that fall under aminoglycosides?

A

amikican
gentamycin
neomycin
tobramycin

52
Q

what are the side effects of aminoglycosides?

A

ototoxicity
nephrotoxicity
DO NOT use in dehydrated animals
Only give parenterally
poor GI absorption

53
Q

what do aminoglycosides protect against?

54
Q

side effect of amphotericin B

A

nephrotoxic

55
Q

itraconazole

A

side effect: hepatotoxicity
Treats blastomycosis

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