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Microbiology > Antimicrobials > Flashcards

Antimicrobials Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What antibiotics inhibit cell wall synthesis? How do they work?

A

Penicillin
Cephalosporin
Vancomycin

PREVENT CELL VALL

Inhibit crosslinking of peptidoglycan strands in ell wall

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2
Q

What are penicllins effective against?

A

Gram positive bacilli and streptococci

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3
Q

What is staph aureus resistant to pencillin

A

Beta- lactamase - dsetroy beta lactam ring

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4
Q

What is significance of flocloxacillin?

A

Side chain stops it being susceptible to beta-lactamases

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5
Q

What are beta-lactamase inhibitors?

A

Carbapenem
Clavulanic acid

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6
Q

Action and organisms of cephalosporins?

A

Cell wall inhibtion
Ca act against beta lactamase producing organisms

Staphylococci
Gram negative bacilli
Pseudomonas
Baceroids

Broad spectrum

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7
Q

What is the activity of vancomycin?

A

glycopeptide
PRevents petidoglycan assemble in cell wall

Active against gram postiive organisms

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8
Q

Which abx interrupt the cell membrane

A

Polymyxins
Amphotericin and nystatin
Imidazoles

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9
Q

What is the activity of polymyxins

A

Broad spectrum
Active agains gram negative including pseudomonas

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10
Q

How do amphotericin and nystatin work?

A

Bind to ergosterol in fungal cell membrane - change ionic transport and affect permatbility

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11
Q

What is activity of amphotericin?

A

Candida
Aspergillus
Cyptococcus
Histoplasma
Caccidiodes
Blastomyces

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12
Q

How to imidazoles work

A

Inhibit ergosterol prodcution by acting on CYP450

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13
Q

What imidazole is effective against aspergillus?

A

Itraconazole

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14
Q

What are side effects of azoles?

A

LFT derangement
Hepatotoxicity

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15
Q

Which antibiotics inhibit protein synthesis?

A

Tetracyclines
Gentamicin
Neomycin
Macrolides
Chloramphenicol

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16
Q

Which antibiotics inhibit nucleic acid synthesis?

A

Fluoroquinolones - Ofloxacin, Ciprofloxacin
Sulphonamides
Metronidzaole

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17
Q

Action of tetracyclines

A

Interrupt the cycle of attachment of aino acids to the first binding site during protein synthesis by inhibition of aminoacyltransferase RNA and the mRNA ribosome complex

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18
Q

Sensitvity of tetracyclines?

A

Gram positive,
Gram negative
Chlamydia

19
Q

SE of tetracyclines

A

Teratogenic
GI disturbance

20
Q

What is the action of gentamycin/neomycin

A

PRevent binding of mRNA to ribosome and can also cause mRNA to be misread - incorporation of wrong amino acid into protein

21
Q

Senstivity to gentamicin

A

Staphylococci
Aerobic gram negative
(ineffective against anaeobes and streptococci as require aerobic transport)

22
Q

SE of gentamicin

A

Ototoxicity
Nephrotoxicity

corneal epithelial toxicity

Intravitreal - retinal toxicity

23
Q

How does erythromycin work?

A

Binds to ribosomal subunit and interferes with translocation

24
Q

MOA of chloramphenicol

A

Inhibits protein synthesis

INhibits peptidyltransferase - prevents the transfer of the peptide chain to other aminio acids

25
Q

Sensitvity of chloramphenicol

A

Broad spectrum

Active against Gram positive and negative

26
Q

Side effects of chloramphenicol

A

Aplastic anaemia
Grey baby syndrome in neonates

CI in pregnancy and breastfeeding

27
Q

Fluoroquinolones MOA

A

INhibit DNA synethsis

Inhibit DNA gyrase - for folding/unfolding DNA

28
Q

Sensitvity of fluoroquinolone

A

Pseudomonas
Chlamydia
Enterobacteria
Mycoplasma

Less effective against gram positive and anaerobes

29
Q

Side effects of fluoroquinolones

A

photosensitive rash
GI upset

30
Q

MOA of sulphonamides

A

INhibit metabolism of para-aminobenzoic acid to folate

Inhibit DNA synthesis

31
Q

What is the MOA of metronidazole

A

Disrupts DNA synthesis

32
Q

What is metronidazole used for?

A

Orbital cellulitis with cefuroxime

Effective against anaerobic bacteria and protozoan parasites such as Giardia, trichomonas, entamoeba

33
Q

SE of metronidazole

A

LFT abnormality
Low PLTs

34
Q

How does 5-fluocytosine work?

A

Converted in fungal cells to 5-FU which is incorporated instead of uracil into fungal RNA

Inhibition of DNA synethsis

Against candida and cryptococcus

35
Q

What is aciclovir derived from

A

Acyclic analogue of Guanosine

36
Q

What is the MOA of aciclovir

A

INhibtion of viral DNA polymerase following phosphorylation by viral thymidine kinase
- only effective in infected cells

37
Q

What is aciclovir effective against?

A

Heptes

Not CMV

38
Q

What are SE of aciclovir

A

Renal insufficeincy
GI disturbance
Headache

39
Q

What is ganciclovir active against?

A

CMV

40
Q

Treatment for CMV retinitis

A

GAnciclovirW

41
Q

hat are SE of ganciclovir

A

NEtropenia
Thrombocytopenia
Renal impariment

42
Q

What is foscarnet

A

Paraphosphate analogue of phosphonoacetic acid

43
Q

MOA of foscarnet

A

Inhibts viral specific DNA polymerase and reverse transcriptases

44
Q

How can resistance develop?

A

Altering antibioic target
Destruction of drug
Prevention of transport of drug into microbe
Alternative enzymic pathways resistance to drug

Microbiology (10 decks)

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