Antimicrobial Drugs

Question 1

Antibiotic

Answer 1

A product produced by a microorganism which in low concentrations inhibits the growth of other microorganisms

Question 2

Types of Antibiotics

Answer 2

1- Natural
2-Synthetic
3-Semisynthetic

Question 3

Importance of Antibiotics

Answer 3

Easily treats illnesses

Question 4

The ideal Drug

Answer 4

1- Inexpensive
2- Selective toxicity
3- Favourable pharmacokinetics
4- Readily Available
5- Nontoxic
6- Little ressistant

Question 5

Sources of antimicrobial Agents

Answer 5

1- Chemically synthesised
2-Soil
3- Water
4-molecular manipulation

Question 6

Bacteriostatic

Answer 6

Inhibits the growth of organisms

Question 7

Bactericidal

Answer 7

Kills organisms

Question 8

MIC stands for

Answer 8

minimum Inhibitory concentration

Question 9

MBC stands for

Answer 9

Minimum Bactericidal Concentration

Question 10

Minimum Inhibitory Concentration

Answer 10

The lowest concentration that` inhibits the growth of organisms

Question 11

Minimum Bactericidal Concentration

Answer 11

The lowest concentration that kills 99.9% of the population

Question 12

The decision to use a bactericidal or a bacteriostatic drug depends on:

Answer 12

the type of infection

Question 13

Ultimate elimination of the organisms depends on:

Answer 13

1. specific antibodies
   2.host phagocytic activity

Question 14

Antimicrobial Spectrum

Answer 14

Range of activity on antimicrobial against bacteria

Question 15

Broad spectrum antimicrobial drug

Answer 15

inhibits a wide variety of gram +ve and gram -ve bacteria

Question 16

Narrow spectrum antimicrobial drugs

Answer 16

inhibits a limited variety of bacteris

Question 17

Types of combining drugs

Answer 17

1 Synergistic
2.Antagonistic

Question 18

Synergistic

Answer 18

action of one drug enhances the activity of another

Question 19

Antagonistic

Answer 19

Action of one drug interferes with action of another

Question 20

Adverse effects

Answer 20

1. Toxic Effects
2. Suppression of normal flora
3. Allergic reactions

Question 21

Mechanisms of action of antibacterial drugs

Answer 21

1. Inhibit cell wall synthesis
2. Inhibit protein synthesis
3. Inhibit nucleic acid synthesis
4. Injury to plasma membrane
5. Inhibits synthesis of essential metabolites

Question 22

inhibition of cell wall synthesis include

Answer 22

β-lactam drugs

Question 23

β-lactam drugs

Answer 23

1. irreversibly inhibit enzymes involved in the final steps of cell wall synthesis
2. these enzymes mediate the formation of peptide bridges between adjacent stands of peptidoglycan
3. Drug binds to enzymes inhibiting enzymatic activity
4. Some bacteria produces β-lactamase enzyme which breaks critical β-lactam
   ring

Question 24

β-lactam drugs include

Answer 24

1. Cephalosporins
2. Penicillins
3. Carbapenems
   4.monobactams

Question 25

Cephalosporins

Answer 25

β-lactam antibiotic derived from the fungus acremonium Given oral, IV,IM

Question 26

# 1960 1st Generation Cephalosporins

Answer 26

Cefalexin Cefazolin Cefradnie

Question 27

# 1970 2nd Generation cephaolosporins

Answer 27

Cefaclor Cefuroxime cefoxtin

Question 28

# 1980 3rd Generation cephalosporins

Answer 28

ceftazidime ceftitriaxone cefditoren cefdinir

Question 29

# 1990 4th Generation Cephalosporins

Answer 29

Cefeprime Cefepirome

Question 30

5th Generation Cephalosporin

Answer 30

Ceftaroline ceftobiprole fosamil

Question 31

Penicillinase resistant drugs

Answer 31

1.Oxcacillin 2.Cloxacillin 3.Amoxcacillin 4.Carbencillin 5.Piperacillin 6.Ticercillin 7.Monobactam

Question 32

Oxacillin , Cloxacillin are used against

Answer 32

gram+ve bacteria

Question 33

Amoxcacillin is

Answer 33

broad spectrum

Question 34

Carbenicillin ,ticarcillin ,pipercillin

Answer 34

gra -ve bacteria

Question 35

monobactam

Answer 35

gram-ve bacteria

Question 36

Non β-lactam drugs that inhibit cell wall synthesis

Answer 36

1.polypeptides *bacteriacin 2. glycopeptides *vancomycin

Question 37

Inhibition of protein synthesis

Answer 37

1. Targets the ribososmes of bacteria

Question 38

Three types of protein synthesis drugs

Answer 38

1.tertacyclines 2.aminoglycosides 3.macrolides

Question 39

tetracyclines

Answer 39

binds to 30S blocking attachment of tRNA

Question 40

Aminoglycosides

Answer 40

Binds to 30S causes it to distrot and malfunction

Question 41

Macrolides

Answer 41

binds to 50S prevents contiuation of protein synthesis

Question 42

Inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis

Answer 42

Quinolones floroquinolones *Norfloxacin *ciprofloxin *levofolaxin

Question 43

Injury to plasma membrane

Answer 43

leads to leakage of cellualr content includes : colistin

Question 44

Inhibits synthesis of essential metabolites

Answer 44

Sulfonamide drugs useful against UTIs

Question 45

How do bacteria become resistant

Answer 45

1. Genetic : Spontaneous mutation Gene transfer 2. Non Genetic : Intrinsic resistance`

Question 46

Mechanisms of resistance

Answer 46

1.Production of enzmye that destroys the drug 2.slow or prevent drug from entering the cell 3.alter target of the drug 4.alter their metabolic activity 5.pump antimicrobial drug out of the cell before it can act.

Question 47

Determination of drug determination

Answer 47

clinical parameters laboratories parameters

Question 48

Drug efficiency can be measured by tests:

Answer 48

1.Kirby Bauer method 2.Broth dilution test 3. E test