ANTIMICROBIAL (ANTIBIOTICS) Flashcards
Chemical substances produced by a microorganism with the capacity to inhibit other microorganisms.
Antimicrobials (antibiotics)
Destroy/kill the organism.
Antimicrobials (antibiotics)
A spectrum that is effective against a limited number of pathogens.
Narrow Spectrum
Bacitracin, clindamycin, dapsone, erythromycin, gentamicin, isoniazid, polymyxin B and vancomycin
(spectrum)
Narrow Spectrum
A spectrum that destroy different kinds of organism.
Broad Spectrum
PIGBEDCV — means
Polymyxin B
Isoniazid
Gentamicin
Bacitracin
Erythromycin
Dapsone
Clindamycin
Vancomycin
Ampicillin, cephalosporin, chlorampenicol, ciprofloxacin, rifampicin, sulfonamines, trimethoprim and tetracyclin
(spectrum)
Broad Spectrum
CARST — means
Cephalosporin, Chlorampenicol, Ciprofloxacin
Ampicilin
Rifampin
Sulfonamines
Trimethoprim and Tetracyclin
3 Classification of Drugs
Natural Drugs
Semisynthetic Drugs
Synthetic Drugs
A drugs produced by bacteria or fungi.
Natural Drugs
A drugs that is chemically modified natural drugs with added extra chemical groups.
Semisynthetic Drugs
Ampicillin, carbenicillin and methicilli (drugs)
Semisynthetic Drugs
A drugs that chemically produced drugs.
Synthetic Drugs
Sulfonamides, trimethoprom, chloramphenicol, cifrofloxacin, isoniazid, dapsone.
(drugs)
Synthetic Drugs
Is the lowest concentration of a drug that “inhibits” bacterial growth.
Minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC)
Is the lowest concentration of drug that “kills” bacterial growth.
Minimal lethal concentration (MLC)
It is the ratio of the toxic dose to the therapeutic dose.
Therapeutic index
The higher the therapeutic index, the more effective is what agent?
Chemotherapeutic agent
Action of antimicrobials
Inhibiting cell wall synthesis
Inhibiting CHON synthesis
Inhibiting N.A synthesis
Destroying the cell membrane
Inhibiting essential metabolites
2 kinds of Penicillin
Beta lactamase resistant penicillin
Broad spectrum penicillin
Cloxacilin, dicloxacillin, mehcillin, nafcillin, oxacillin
(penicillin)
Amoxicillin, ampicillin, piperacillin, carbenicillin, ticarcillin
(penicillin)
What follows when cell growths stops?
Death
Inactivated by stomach acids, (parenterally)
Pen G
acid resistant (orally)
Penicillin V
resistant penicillin- methicillin, nafcillin, oxacillin
Penicillinase
cephalotin, cefoxitin, ceftriazone, cephalexine, cefixime and cefoperazone
Cephalosporins
acid stable, effective for G+, G-
Ampicllin
cup-shaped molecule drug; teicoplanin drug
Vancomycin
acid stable, Pseudomonas and Proteus
Carbenicillin
30’S Ribosomes Inhibitors (2)
Tetracycline
Aminoglycosides
Bacteriostatic — 30’S Ribosomes Inhibitors
Tetracycline
Bactericidal — 30’S Ribosomes Inhibitors
Aminoglycosides
50’s Ribosomes Inhibitors (2)
Chloramphenicol
Macrolid
Bacteriostatic — 50’s Ribosomes Inhibitors
Chloramphenicol
2 kinds of Macrolide
Erythromycin
Clindamycin
Folic acid metabolism, high there. index
Sulfonamides
blocks tetrahydrofolate synthesis
Trimethoprim
(trimethoprim –sulfamethoxazole) = co-trimoxazole
SXT
interferes F.A. synthesis
Dapsone
Inhibits synthesis of Cord factor.
Mycolic acid
(g- bacteria Pseudomonas)
Polymixin B
(Colistin) - ointment
Polymixin E
They have cyclohexane ring and may cause
deafness and loss of balance (toxic).
Gentamicin, kanamycin, neomycin, streptomycin and tobramycin (GKNST)
Macrolide antibiotics (ACE)
Azithromycin
Clindamycin
Erythromycin
bind to 23s rRNA on the 50s ribosomal unit. (CE)
Chloramphenicol and Erythromycin
2 types of Drug Resistance
Intrinsic resistance
Extrinsic resistance
2 Intrinsic Resistance
Mycoplasma
Ribosome
3 Extrinsic Resistance
Mutation
Mutation - cell membrane permeability
Beta lactamase
Cannot bind to bacterial cell — extrinsic resistance
Mutation
Cannot pass through the cell membrane — extrinsic resistance
Mutation- cell membrane permeability
Destroyed by the enzyme — extrinsic resistance
Beta lactamase
2 Anti Fungal Agents
Polyenes
Azole