Antimicrobial

Question 1

Microorganisms causing infection

Answer 1

Pathogens

Question 2

causing cell death without affecting the host cell

Answer 2

Selective Toxicity

Question 3

Optimal antimicrobial therapy is described by four (4) D’s:

Answer 3

right Drug
right Dose
right Duration of therapy
Decreased collateral damage

Question 4

This is known when pathogenic microorganism is usually identified prior to the start of antibiotic therapy.

Answer 4

Definitive antimicrobial therapy

Question 5

The microbial identification is done through several mechanism:

Answer 5

culture and sensitivity test
history taking
physical assessment

Question 6

selection of antimicrobials may be based on the following:

Answer 6

sensitivity of the pathogen
site of infection
status of organ function
special population group
likelihood of resistance

Question 7

classification of antimicrobial agents according to their overall effect on the microorganism:

Answer 7

bacteriostatic
bactericidal

Question 8

these antimicrobials slow or retard bacterial cell’s ability to
reproduce or divide

Answer 8

bacteriostatic

Question 9

these are antibiotics that cause cellular death

Answer 9

bactericidal

Question 10

classification of antimicrobial agents according to their scope of effectiveness:

Answer 10

narrow spectrum
broad spectrum

Question 11

these antimicrobials are effective against a limited type of
microorganisms; used in definitive therapy (e.g. isoniazid)

Answer 11

narrow spectrum

Question 12

these antimicrobials are effective against a wide variety of
microorganisms from the same strain; usually indicated for empiric therapy (e.g. tetracyclines)

Answer 12

broad spectrum

Question 13

classification of antimicrobial agents according to purpose:

Answer 13

curative
prophylactic

Question 14

these are antibiotics that are used to treat an existing infection

Answer 14

curative

Question 15

these antibiotics are used to prevent possible infection from
occurring

Answer 15

prophylactic

Question 16

General Mechanism of Action of Antimicrobial Agents:

Answer 16

• interfere with the biosynthesis of the cell wall
• alter the permeability of the cell membrane
• inhibit synthesis and replication of RNA and DNA
• interfere with the steps in CHON synthesis
• alter other metabolic processes within the cell

Question 17

this action of antibiotics results in the cell’s loss of structural integrity, which eventually leads to cell death

Answer 17

interfere with the biosynthesis of the cell wall

Question 18

this action results in the leakage of cellular components, which leads to cellular degeneration and death

Answer 18

alter the permeability of the cell membrane

Question 19

when the process of RNA and DNA synthesis is altered, cells cannot grow and multiply, which results to diminished number of cells and eventual cellular death

Answer 19

inhibit synthesis and replication of RNA and DNA

Question 20

when protein synthesis is altered, cell division may be altered; hence, the cell will not be able to grow and divide, which results to diminished number of cells

Answer 20

interfere with the steps in CHON synthesis

Question 21

alteration in the various processes that are crucial for normal cellular functioning can lead to cellular starvation

Answer 21

alter other metabolic processes within the cell

Question 22

which antibiotic group is the most common cause of drug allergy?

Answer 22

penicillin group

Question 23

Nephrotoxicity is an adverse effect that is most frequent with drugs such as:

Answer 23

aminoglycosides
amphotericin B
quinolones
vancomycin

Question 24

Signs and Symptoms of Nephrotoxicity:

Answer 24

elevated blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine
presence of edema
muscle cramps
weakness
fatigue
development of hypertension and anemia

Question 25

this is an adverse antibiotic reaction that occurs in patients who receive a sufficient amount of the drug and are exposed to enough light

Answer 25

photosensitivity

Question 26

this reaction occurs because of the destruction of the normal flora

Answer 26

secondary infection

Question 27

this occurs when the microorganism is able to adapt to the antibiotic and produces enzymes that resist the effects of the drug

Answer 27

resistance