Antihypertensives

Question 1

Define hypertension

Answer 1

Sustained systolic BP of more than 140mmHg or sustained diastolic BP of more than 90mmHg

Question 2

Causes of hypertension

Answer 2

Genetics
Low birth weight
Environmental factors
Diabetes
Drugs
Kidney/cardiovascular disease

Question 3

Hypertension can lead to…

Answer 3

Stroke
Ischaemic heart disease
Peripheral vascular disease
As it damages blood vessels

Question 4

What is the equation for blood pressure?

Answer 4

BP= CO x TPR
CO is cardiac output
TPR is total peripheral resistance

Question 5

Targets for antihypertensive drugs

Answer 5

Kidneys
Blood vessels
Heart
Brain

Question 6

What are the 4 main type of antihypertensive drugs? ABCD

Answer 6

Ace inhibitors
Beta blockers
Calcium channel blockers
Diuretics

Question 7

What do you know about Renin?

Answer 7

Hormone released in the kidney

It converts angiotensin into angiotensin 1 which is then converted to angiotensin 2 by ACE.

Question 8

What do ACE inhibitors do?

Answer 8

Stop formation of angiotensin 2
Cause vasodilation
Reduce peripheral resistance

Question 9

ACE inhibitor drug names end in…

Answer 9

“pril”
e.g. captopril
Remember April is an ACE month

Question 10

Captopril, enalapril, Ramipril and Lisinopril are examples of…

Answer 10

ACE inhibitors

Question 11

Side effects of ACE inhibitors

Answer 11

Persistent dry cough
Rash
Renal problems
Hypotension

Question 12

What do angiotensin receptor antagonists do?

Answer 12

Selectively block angiotensin 1 receptor to cause vasodilation

Question 13

Angiotensin receptor antagonists end in..

Answer 13

“Artan”

e.g. losartan

Question 14

What do beta blockers do?

Answer 14

Acts n B1 & B2 receptors
Block action of adrenaline and noradrenaline.
Reduce HR, stops vasoconstriction and increases blood flow to the kidneys.

Question 15

Beta blockers names end in…

Answer 15

“lol”

e.g. Atenolol, propanolol

Question 16

Side effects of beta blockers

Answer 16

Lethargy
Impaired concentration/ memory
ED
Aggravated asthma

Question 17

What do alpha blockers do?

Answer 17

Block action of noradrenaline and adrenaline on blood vessels to cause vasodilation.

Question 18

Alpha blockers names end in…

Answer 18

“osin”

e.g. Prazosin

Question 19

What do calcium channel blockers do?

Answer 19

Dilate arteries

Reduce heart rate

Question 20

Calcium channel blockers end in…

Answer 20

“ipine”

e.g. Nifedipine

Question 21

Other calcium channel blockers that don’t end in “ipine”

Answer 21

Varapamil, diltiazem

Question 22

Some calcium channel blockers will interact with…

Answer 22

Grapefruit juice

Question 23

What do Thiazide-like and thiazide diuretics do?

Answer 23

Act on kidneys to increase urine production to lower blood volume and reduce BP

Question 24

Indapamide, chlortalidone and bendroflumethiazide are examples of…

Answer 24

Thiazide and thiazide like diuretics.

Question 25

Side effects of thiazide and thiazide-like diuretics

Answer 25

Hypokalaemia Reduced insulin release Increased plasma lipids and urate leading to gout ED

Question 26

What do potassium-sparing diuretics do?

Answer 26

Given with thiazide diuretics to protect potassium levels.

Question 27

Examples of potassium sparing diuretics?

Answer 27

Amiloride, triamterene, spironolactone

Question 28

What do loop diuretics do?

Answer 28

Treat severe hypertension | Act on the loop of Henle to inhibit sodium reabsorption.

Question 29

Furosemide is an example of a...

Answer 29

Loop diuretic

Question 30

Side effects of loop diuretics

Answer 30

Affected hearing Gout Hypokalaemia

Question 31

What does Hydralazine do?

Answer 31

Vasodilator - relaxes smooth muscle in blood vessels. | Non selective K+ channel opener.

Question 32

What does Minoxidil do?

Answer 32

Powerful vasodilator used in extreme hypertension.

Question 33

What are intravenous nitrates and sodium nitroprussides used for?

Answer 33

Hypertension in hospital emergencies.