Antihypertensives Flashcards
What is the mechanism of action of Calcium Channel Blockers (CCBs)?
Calcium channel blockers inhibit the influx of calcium ions through the L-type calcium channels in smooth and cardiac muscle, causing vasodilation and reducing heart rate and contractility, thereby lowering blood pressure.
What are the indications for Calcium Channel Blockers?
Indications include hypertension, angina pectoris, supraventricular arrhythmias, and Raynaud’s disease.
What are the contraindications for Calcium Channel Blockers?
Contraindications include severe hypotension, 2nd or 3rd degree heart block, severe left ventricular dysfunction, hypersensitivity, and pregnancy.
What are the classifications of Calcium Channel Blockers?
Calcium channel blockers are classified into dihydropyridines (e.g., amlodipine) and nondihydropyridines (e.g., diltiazem, verapamil).
What are the common adverse effects of Calcium Channel Blockers?
Adverse effects include peripheral edema, bradycardia, hypotension, dizziness, headache, and gingival hyperplasia.
What client teaching is important for Calcium Channel Blockers?
Clients should monitor blood pressure regularly, report leg swelling, avoid alcohol and grapefruit juice, and take the medication consistently at the same time each day.
What is the mechanism of action of ACE Inhibitors?
ACE inhibitors block the angiotensin-converting enzyme, reducing angiotensin II levels, leading to vasodilation, decreased aldosterone secretion, and lower blood pressure.
What are the indications for ACE Inhibitors?
Indications include hypertension, heart failure, chronic kidney disease, and post-myocardial infarction.
What are the contraindications for ACE Inhibitors?
Contraindications include angioedema from previous use, pregnancy, bilateral renal artery stenosis, and hyperkalemia.
What are the common adverse effects of ACE Inhibitors?
Adverse effects include cough, angioedema, hyperkalemia, dizziness, hypotension, renal dysfunction, and fatigue.
What is the mechanism of action of Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers (ARBs)?
ARBs block angiotensin II receptors, preventing angiotensin II from binding, leading to vasodilation and reduced blood pressure without increasing bradykinin levels.
What are the indications for ARBs?
Indications include hypertension, heart failure, chronic kidney disease, and post-myocardial infarction.
What are the contraindications for ARBs?
Contraindications include pregnancy, bilateral renal artery stenosis, hyperkalemia, and angioedema.
What are the common adverse effects of ARBs?
Adverse effects include dizziness, hypotension, hyperkalemia, fatigue, and renal dysfunction.
What client teaching is important for ARBs?
Clients should report swelling of the face or throat, monitor blood pressure and potassium levels, stay hydrated, and take the medication consistently at the same time each day.
What is the mechanism of action of Thiazide Diuretics?
Thiazide diuretics inhibit the sodium-chloride symporter in the distal convoluted tubule, reducing sodium reabsorption, leading to increased sodium and water excretion, and lowering blood pressure.
What are the indications for Thiazide Diuretics?
Indications include hypertension, edema, and prevention of calcium kidney stones.
What are the contraindications for Thiazide Diuretics?
Contraindications include anuria, severe renal impairment, hypokalemia, hyponatremia, and allergy to sulfonamides.
What are the common adverse effects of Thiazide Diuretics?
Adverse effects include hypokalemia, hyponatremia, hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, dehydration, and photosensitivity.
What client teaching is important for Thiazide Diuretics?
Clients should take the medication in the morning, monitor for electrolyte imbalances, eat potassium-rich foods, wear sunscreen, and monitor blood pressure.
What is the mechanism of action of Carvedilol?
Carvedilol is a beta-blocker with alpha-blocking properties, blocking beta-1 receptors in the heart and beta-2 receptors in the lungs and blood vessels, resulting in vasodilation and lower blood pressure.
What are the indications for Carvedilol?
Indications include hypertension, heart failure, post-myocardial infarction, and left ventricular dysfunction.
What are the contraindications for Carvedilol?
Contraindications include asthma or COPD, severe bradycardia, 2nd or 3rd degree heart block, and cardiogenic shock.
What are the common adverse effects of Carvedilol?
Adverse effects include bradycardia, hypotension, dizziness, fatigue, weight gain, cold extremities, and depression.
