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HDM Midterm - Brett > Antigen Receptors: lymphocytes > Flashcards

Antigen Receptors: lymphocytes Flashcards

1
Q

What do helper T cells do?

A

Make cytokines

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2
Q

What do CTL do?

A

Kill infected cells

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3
Q

What is class 1 HLA/MHC found on?

A

All nucleated cells

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4
Q

What is class 2 MHC/HLA found on?

A

Professional APCs (macro, dendritic, b cells, some thymocytes)

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5
Q

What does HLA stand for?

A

Human leukocyte antigen

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6
Q

What is an antigen?

A

Part of a molecule that is recognized by the immune system

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7
Q

What is an immunogen?

A

An antigen that that evokes a specific immune response

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8
Q

What is a tolerogen?

A

An antigen that induces immunologic tolerance

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9
Q

What is an endogenous antigen?

A

The body’s own cellular components or intracellular pathogens

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10
Q

What are self-antigens?

A

Autoantigens

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11
Q

What are tissue specific antigens called?

A

Alloantigens

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12
Q

What are viruses, intracellular bacteria, and parasites called?

A

Intracellular pathogens

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13
Q

____________ antigens are those that enter the body from outside

A

Exogenous

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14
Q

__________ are small molecules that cannot induce an immune response alone but they can when coupled with a carrier protein

A

Hapten

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15
Q

Haptens are clinically important in what 2 processes?

A

Drug allergies and vaccine design

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16
Q

BCR are made of two ________ chains (Ig__ and Ig___). Does this molecule participate in signaling?

A

Invariate, alpha, beta, yes

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17
Q

Antibodies in circulation are what?

A

Surface immunoglobins in which the cytoplasmic and TM domain are removed and replaced with a tail piece

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18
Q

The EC tips of Ab are variable or non-variable?

A

Variable

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19
Q

What chain is the longest portion of the antibody?

A

Heavy chain

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20
Q

What type of bonds keeps antibodies together?

A

Disulfide

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21
Q

What does digestion of Ab with papain do?

A

It breaks off the two branch regions above the hinge

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22
Q

What does pepsin do to Ab?

A

Cleaves below the hinge and leaves the binding domains all connected

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23
Q

When an antibody is digested by either papain or pepsin does it retain function?

A

No, need the whole thing to be able to have the immune system recognize it

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24
Q

How many hypervariable domains are on each v domain

A

3, they are flanked on all sides by framework regions (total of 4)

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25
Q

What allows flexibility of Ab?

A

There are hinges below the branch which allow 2 and 3D flexibility

26
Q

What distinguishes the _____ different isotopes of Ig?

A

5; charge, size, AA sequence, carb content

27
Q

Subclasses of Ig are defined by what?

A

Constant region of heavy chain

28
Q

How many classes and subclasses are in humans of Ig?

A

9

29
Q

Allotype is determined by _____________ differences on the _____ chains

A

Allelic, heavy

30
Q

Idiotype of Ig is determined by __________ ___________ on the ______ region

A

Antigenic determinants, variable

31
Q

What is the first Ig produced in response to an antigen? What does it look like?

A

IgM, pentamer

32
Q

What antibody is produced by neonates?

A

IgM

33
Q

What is the purpose of the J chain in Ig?

A

Binds to secretory cells of the mucosa

34
Q

What is the predominant Ab of secondary immune responses?

A

IgG

35
Q

What is the most abundant Ab?

A

IgG, it makes up 80% of total serum Ab

36
Q

How many different types of IgG are there? Where are the differences found?>

A

4, differences are on the H chain

37
Q

What subclass of IgG are most abundant?

A

IgG1 then 2 then 3 then 4

38
Q

What activates the classical complement pathway?

A

IgG

39
Q

IgA can be found as what two forms?

A

Monomer or dimer, but it is predominantly a monomer

40
Q

What does IgA primarily function in?

A

Mucosal immunity

41
Q

Where is IgA found?

A

Breast milk (protects new borns), saliva, tears, mucus

42
Q

What is the function of IgE?

A

Binds to blood basophils and tissue mast cells with high affinity (CD23a and CD23b)

Reacts in asthma, allergies, and helminth infections

43
Q

What Ig has no know function? Where is it found in the body?

A

IgD; mature B cells have a receptor for it but it doesn’t activate B cells

44
Q

What kind of bond do Ab form with their Ag?

A

Non-covalent and these are reversible

45
Q

What is the strength that an Ab bonds to Ag called? What is the overall strength of Ab binding to Ag while factoring in number of binding domains?

A

Affinity, avidity

46
Q

What are Ag that require both Th and B cells to stimulate an Ab response called?

A

T-dependent Ags, they are proteins

47
Q

What are polysaccharides and lipids that can stimulate Ab responses without T help called?

A

T-independent Ags

48
Q

On TCR what are the different chains?

A

Beta and alpha chains
(The more distal ends of both are variable)
(The beta chain has a larger bump out near the TM domain)

49
Q

What is the the order of the hypervariable loops on TCR from lateral to medial?

A

213 312

50
Q

What type of T cells express gamma/delta chains?

A

Epithelial/mucosal

51
Q

What is the most variable region on TCR?

A

3, the innermost portion

52
Q

What CD do all T cells express?

A

CD3

53
Q

What does the CD3 complex ensure?

A

Cell surface expression of TCR and is involved in signal transduction

54
Q

CD4 T cells are know as what? What do they bind to? What do they do?

A

Helper T cells, MHC/HLA 2, they activate macrophages and secrete cytokines and stimulate B cells to produce Ab

55
Q

What are CD8 T cells called? What do they bind to? What do they do?

A

CTL (cytotoxic t lymphocytes), MHC/HLA1 , they kill intercellular pathogens

56
Q

What do gamma/delta T cells do?

A

Recognize lipid Ags, can recognize DAMPs, don’t seem to be restricted to a MHC/HLA

57
Q

What are not processed but bind directly to HLA class 2? What are some associated conditions

A

Super antigens; staph entero toxins (food poisoning), staph toxic shock syndrome, staph exfoliating toxins (scalded skin syndrome), step pyrogenic exotoxins, H1N1, SARS, Ebola

58
Q

What are monoclonal Ab?

A

They are antibodies which recognize on epitope that originated from one cell

59
Q

Antibodies targeting IL1 are important in the treatment of what disease?

A

RA

60
Q

Ab targeting VEGF-A are important in targeting what?

A

Metastatic cancer

61
Q

Ab targeting TNF-alpha are important in treating what?

A

Crohn’s disease

HDM Midterm - Brett (10 decks)

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