Antifungals and antiprotozoals Flashcards

1
Q

Azoles (ketokonazole, fluconazole, clotrimazole, itraconazole, voriconazole). Mechanism and usage

A

Inhibits the synthesis of fungal ergosterol from lanosterol by blocking the cyp450 enzyme (14 alpha demethylase). Used for local systemic mycoses (Histoplasmosis, blastomycosis, coccidiomycosis).

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2
Q

What is fluconazole used for?

A

Chronic suppression of cryptococcal meningitis in AIDS patients and candidal infections of all types.

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3
Q

Azoles Toxicity

A

Blocks testosterone synthesis (gynecomastia, especially with ketoconazole).

Liver dysfunction (because inhibits cytochrome P450)

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4
Q

Amphotericin B Mechanism and Usage

A

Binds to ergosterol and forms a pore in the fungal membrane. This causes leakage of electrolytes. Used for serious systemic mycoses (Histo, blasto, coccidiomycosis,).

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5
Q

How to administer Amphotericin B

A

With K+ and Mg2+ because of altered renal tubule permeability.

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6
Q

Amphotericin B toxicity

A

This is a shitty drug (amphoterrible) Fever/chills (shake and bake), hypotension, nephrotoxicity, arrhytmias, anemia, IV phlebitis.

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7
Q

How to reduce amphotericin toxicity

A

Concurrent hydration to decrease nephrotoxicity.

Liposomal amphotericin is better.

Also make sure to give K and Mg due to altered renal tubule permeability.

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8
Q

Nystatin mechanism and usage

A

Binds to ergosterol and makes a hole in the membrane for electrolyte leakage. Used as a swish and swallow for oral candidiasis. Topicall for diaper rash or vaginal candidiasis.

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9
Q

Nystatin administration

A

Topical form because too toxic for systemic use

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10
Q

Flucytosine mechanism and useage

A

Used in the treatment of cryptococcus in combination with amphotericin B.

Inhibits DNA and RNA biosynthesis by conversion to 5FU by cytosine deaminase.

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11
Q

Flucytosine Toxicity

A

Bone marrow suppression

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12
Q

Echinocandins (caspofungin, micafungin, andiulafungin) mechanism and usage

A

Inhibits cell wall synthesis by inhibiting synthesis of B-glucan.

Used for invasive aspergillosis, candida

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13
Q

Echinocandins toxicity

A

GI upset, flushing (histamine release)

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14
Q

Terbinafine mechanism and usage

A

Used for onchomycosis (and dermatophytoses)

Inhibits squalene epoxidase, which prevents squalene epoxide, which prevents synthesis of lanoesterol and finally ergosterol.

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15
Q

Terbinafine toxicity

A

Gi upset, headaches, hepatotoxicity, taste disTURBANce.

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16
Q

Griseofulvin

A

Used to treat dermatophytes or oral treatment of superficial infections.

Works by inhibiting microtubule function, distrupts mitosis. Deposits in keratin containing tissues like nails.

17
Q

Griseofulvin toxicity

A

Teratogenic, carcinogenic, confusion, headaches, induces cyp450.

18
Q

Griseofulvin toxicity

A

Teratogenic, carcinogenic, confusion, headaches, induces cyp450.

19
Q

How to treat toxoplasmosis

A

Pyrimethamine

20
Q

How to treat trypanosoma brucei

A

Suramin and melarsoprol

21
Q

how to treat trypanozoma cruzi

A

Nifurtimox

22
Q

how to treat leismaniasis?

A

Sodium stibogluconate.

23
Q

how to treat leishmaniasis?

A

Sodium stibogluconate.

24
Q

how to treat leishmaniasis?

A

Sodium stibogluconate.

25
Q

Chloroquine mechanism and use

A

Blocks detoxification of heme to hematozoin. Heme accumulates and is toxic to plasmodia.

Used to treat plasmodium EXCEPT falciparum (resistance too high).

26
Q

How to treat plasmodium falciparum?

A

Use arthemeter/lumefantrine or atovaquone/proguanil.

27
Q

How to treat life-threatening malaria?

A

Quinidine.

28
Q

Toxicity of chloroquine

A

Pruritus (especially in dark skinned) and retinopathy.

29
Q

How to treat helminths

A

Albendazole, mebendazole, ivermectin, praziquantel. They immobalize the helminths

30
Q

How to treat flukes (trematodes)?

A

Praziquantel

31
Q

How to treat flukes (trematodes)?

A

Praziquantel (in trematodes like schistosoma).