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UNMC PA Pharmacology > Antibiotics: Principles of Antimicrobial Pharmacology > Flashcards

Antibiotics: Principles of Antimicrobial Pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

Chemotherapy

A

Use of drugs to kill or suppress growth of invasive microbial or host neoplastic cells

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2
Q

Antibiotic

A

Substance produced by microbes that has ability to harm or inhibit growth of other microbes

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3
Q

Selective toxicity

A

Ability of drug to injure target cells without injury to host

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4
Q

Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC)

A

Lowest conc. needed to prevent visible bacteria growth

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5
Q

Minimum bacterial concentration (MBC)

A

Lowest conc. needed to reduce number of viable bacteria

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6
Q

Selective toxicity is achieved by exploiting ____ between pathogen and host cells

A

Differences

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7
Q

Antibiotics are ligands that bind reversibly/irreversibly to molecular targets of bacterial cells

A

Reversibly

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8
Q

Bacteriostatic

A

Suppresses cell proliferation but doesn’t cause cell death

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9
Q

Bactericidal

A

Causes cell death

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10
Q

Bactericidal drugs are preferred for which infections?

A

Endocarditis
Meningitis
Osteomyelitis

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11
Q

Post-antibiotic effect

A

Delay in bacterial growth after removal of antibiotic

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12
Q

3 categories of activity of antibiotics

A

Time-dependent
Peak concentration-dependent
AUC- dependent

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13
Q

Time-dependent antibiotics require continuous drug exposure or high drug concentrations?

A

Continuous drug exposure

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14
Q

Peak concentration-dependent antibiotics need more/less frequent dosing schedules

A

Less frequent

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15
Q

____ is the determining factor of infection clearance for AUC-dependent antibiotics

A

Total cumulative dose over time

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16
Q

Innate antibiotic resistance

A

Antibiotic was never active against a certain bacteria

17
Q

Acquired antibiotic resistance

A

Loss of formerly active antibiotic by vertical or horizontal (plasmid-mediated) transfer

18
Q

Ways bacteria can acquire resistance to an antibiotic

A

Inactivation
Decreased uptake or increased efflux
Reduced binding affinity
Bypass/overcome blockade of target metabolic pathway

19
Q

Consequences of antibiotic resistance.

A

Failure to clear infection
Increased risk of secondary infections (kills normal protective flora)

20
Q

If 2 antibiotics are effective for treatment, choose the newer/older one to avoid resistance developing

A

Older

21
Q

Most antibiotics are ___ so they have poor ____ bioavailability

A

Hydrophilic, oral

22
Q

Tissues that are hard to penetrate by antibiotics and may require direct administration

A

Bone
Eye
Pulmonary epithelium
Abscessed tissue
Biofilms

23
Q

Route preferred for rapid onset, critically ill patients

A

IV

24
Q

Lab test that can help determine optimal antibiotic duration of treatment

A

Procalcitonin

25
Q

Drug levels in ___ correlate with antibiotic efficacy in injected tissues

A

Blood

26
Q

Hydrophilic drugs can cross the BBB more easily if the CNS is ___

A

Inflamed

27
Q

Obese patients may require dosing based on ___ weight due to poor distribution of hydrophilic drugs in adipose tissue

A

Ideal

28
Q

Antibiotic classes that decrease kidney functions

A

Aminoglycosides
Beta lactams
Sulfonamides
Glyco/lipo peptides

29
Q

Antibiotics classes that decrease liver function

A

Lincosamides
Macrolides
Tetracyclines
Nitroimidazoles

30
Q

You need to ___ the dose of some antibiotics in patients with kidney or liver disease

A

Reduce (or choose a different antibiotic)

31
Q

Indications for combination therapy

A

Mixed organisms
Unknown etiology/organism
Drug synergy
Prevention of resistance in TB and H pylori infections

32
Q

When to give prophylactic antibiotics

A

Major surgeries
Bacterial endocarditis
Opportunistic infections in immunocompromised pts
Exposure to STI

33
Q

Antibiotics contraindicated in pregnancy and lactation

A
  1. Aminoglycosides – ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity
  2. Tetracyclines – bone growth suppression, tooth staining
  3. Sulfonamides – kernicterus in nursing infants
  4. Folate antagonists – maternal folic acid deficiency causing
    developmental (neural tube) defects
  5. Fluoroquinolones – toxic to developing cartilage
34
Q

Gram positive bacteria have a thin/thick cell wall

A

Thick

35
Q

Gram negative bacteria have a thin/thick cell wall

A

Thin

36
Q

Gram + or - bacteria are easier to treat

A

Gram + (diffuse easily across thick cell wall to get to targets on plasma membranes)

37
Q

Hydrophilic/lipophilic drugs cross plasma membrane easier

A

Lipophilic

38
Q

Small hydrophilic drugs can cross outer membrane of gram negative bacteria through ___ transport through ____

A

Passive; porins

39
Q

Bacterial that are neither gram neg or pos. (Atypical bacteria)

A

Chlamydia
Mycoplasma
Rickettsia
Legionella

UNMC PA Pharmacology (23 decks)

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