Antibiotics/Antifungal/Anti-TB/ AntiViral/ HIV meds Flashcards
Penicillins
Action:
- are a group of antibiotics that work by inhibiting the growth of bacteria by interfering with their cell wall synthesis.
Common generic medications:
Amoxicillin, Ampicillin, Penicillin G, Penicillin V, Cloxacillin, Dicloxacillin, Methicillin.
Uses:
strep throat
pneumonia
urinary tract infections
skin infections
respiratory tract infections
certain sexually transmitted diseases.
prophylactic measures before certain surgeries or dental procedures to prevent bacterial infections.
Side effects:
- Nausea and vomiting
- Diarrhea
- Upset stomach or abdominal pain
- Headache
- Skin rash or hives
- Allergic reactions, such as swelling of the face, lips, tongue, or throat, difficulty breathing, or itching
- Yeast infections (oral or vaginal)
Rarely, severe allergic reactions like anaphylaxis, which can be life-threatening.
Cephalosporins
Action:
- antibiotics that work by interfering with the bacteria’s cell wall synthesis, leading to their destruction.
Common generic medications:
cephalexin
ceftriaxone
cefuroxime
cefepime
- Ceftaroline (effective against MRSA)
Uses:
- (broad spectrum) treat various bacterial infections, including respiratory tract infections, skin and soft tissue infections, urinary tract infections, and certain types of meningitis. They may also be used as prophylaxis before some surgical procedures.
Side effects:
diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, headache, and skin rash.
itching, hives, swelling, and difficulty breathing, can also occur.
severe allergic reactions like anaphylaxis
liver toxicity, kidney problems, blood disorders
Bleeding
Pain in the injection site
Antibiotic-associated colitis
Glycopeptides
Action:
- work by inhibiting the synthesis of bacterial cell walls, leading to the destruction of bacteria.
Common generic medications:
vancomycin
Aztreonam
Uses:
Gram-positive bacteria, particularly those that are resistant to other types of antibiotics.
(MRSA) - Vanco
C-Diff - Aztre and Vance
Side effects:
- redness (red man syndrome) - Run Vancomycin Trough Lab
Site pain/ inflammation at the injection site
diarrhea, nausea, vomiting
changes in kidney function.
Tetracyclines
Action:
- inhibiting protein synthesis in bacteria, thereby preventing their growth and reproduction.
Common generic medications:
doxycycline
minocycline
tetracycline.
Uses:
acne
They are also used as a prophylactic treatment for malaria.
Typhus fever, rocky mountain spotted fever
Chlamydia
Pneumonia
Anthrax
H. Pylori
Side effects:
nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, and loss of appetite.
photosensitivity, making the skin more sensitive to sunlight and increasing the risk of sunburn.
Jaundice
discoloration of developing teeth in children if used during pregnancy or in children under 8 years old.
Macrolides
Action:
- inhibiting protein synthesis in bacteria, thereby preventing their growth and reproduction. They bind to the bacterial ribosomes and interfere with the production of essential proteins.
Common generic medications:
azithromycin
clarithromycin
erythromycin.
Uses:
- Diphtheria (bacterial infection caused by the bacterium Corynebacterium diphtheria. It primarily affects the throat and nose, causing a thick grayish coating to form in the back of the throat, making it difficult to breathe and swallow.)
- Pertussis (whooping cough, TDAP prevents this)
- Rheumatic fever and bacterial endocarditis
sexually transmitted infections (such as chlamydia and gonorrhea)
gastrointestinal infections.
Alternative treatment for patients allergic to penicillin.
Side effects:
nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, and loss of appetite.
liver toxicity, resulting in elevated liver enzymes and jaundice.
Prolonged QT interval (longer than 400 milliseconds. Symptoms: syncope or near syncope)
Ototoxicity
Aminoglycosides
Action:
- inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis, thereby preventing the bacteria from growing and multiplying.
Common generic medications:
gentamicin
amikacin
neomycin. (Neosporin)
Uses:
gram-negative bacteria pneumonia, urinary tract infections, sepsis, and certain types of meningitis.
Tapeworms
Eye, Ear,
Skin Infections
E. coli and Klebsiella infections.
Side effects:
Nephrotoxicity (Labs: BUN, Creatinine, UA)
Intense Neuromuscular Blockade
Hypersensitivity
Ototoxicity
Sulfonamides
Action:
- inhibiting the synthesis of folic acid, a necessary component for bacterial growth. By blocking folic acid production, sulfonamides prevent the bacteria from multiplying and causing infections.
Common generic medications:
sulfamethoxazole
sulfadiazine
trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX).
Uses:
UTI’s
Otitis Media
Pertussis
Side effects:
rash, itching, and severe allergic reactions (anaphylaxis). = Stevens-Johnson Syndrome
Anemias (decreased number of blood cells)
Thrombocytopenia (low platelet count)
Hyperkalemia
Crystalluria
Fluoroquinolones
Action:
- inhibiting the activity of enzymes necessary for DNA replication.
Common generic medications:
ciprofloxacin
levofloxacin
moxifloxacin.
Uses:
E. coli and Klebsiella infections
UTI
Respiratory infection
GI tract infections
Bone infection
Joint infection
Skin and soft tissue infections
STD’s
Side effects:
GI UPSET
Thrush and yeast infection
Phytotoxicity
Carbapenems
Action:
- inhibiting the activity of enzymes involved in bacterial cell wall synthesis.
Common generic medications:
meropenem
Ertapenem
doripenem.
Uses:
severe urinary and abdominal infections
Some of the strongest broad-spectrum antibiotics available
Side effects:
- diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, headache, and skin rash.
Anaphylaxis, seizures, and superinfections
infections caused by other bacteria or fungi that are resistant to carbapenems
Nitrofurantoin
Action:
- interfering with the bacterial DNA, thereby inhibiting the growth and reproduction of the bacteria.
Common generic medications:
- Macrobid
- Macrodantin.
Uses:
- UTI’s
Side effects:
GI Upset (take with food)
Hypersensitivity
Thrombocytopenia
Leukopenia
Anemias
Peripheral Neuropathy.
Phenazopyridne
Action:
- urinary tract analgesic. It works by providing relief from pain, burning, and discomfort in the urinary tract by acting as a local anesthetic on the lining of the urinary tract.
Common generic medications:
- Phenazopyridine
- Pyridium
- Azo.
Uses:
- temporary relief from urinary tract symptoms such as pain, burning, and urgency that occur with urinary tract infections, bladder infections, or other urinary tract conditions. It is not an antibiotic and does not treat the underlying infection, but rather helps to alleviate the associated discomfort while the infection is being treated with antibiotics.
Side effects:
orange or red discoloration of urine,
headache, dizziness, stomach upset
Gastrointestinal disturbances
Metronidazole
Action:
- stopping the growth of bacteria and certain parasites.
Common generic medications:
Metronidazole
Flagyl
Metroge Metro-cream
Uses:
Intestinal Amebiasis
Trichomonas
C. Diff
H. Pylori
Side effects:
GI Upset
Dark Urine
Nystatin Fluconazole
Action:
- inhibiting the growth and reproduction of fungi. disrupting the cell membranes of the fungi, while fluconazole interferes with the synthesis of ergosterol, a vital component of the fungal cell membrane.
Common generic medications:
Mycostatin
Nilstat
Nystop
Diflucan
Fluconapen.
Uses:
infections of the skin, mouth (oral thrush)
candidiasis, a fungal infection caused by Candida species
Tinea pedis (Athletes foot)
vaginal yeast infections
cryptococcal meningitis
Side effects:
Electrolyte imbalance
Nephrotoxicity
Thrombophlebitis
Infusion infections
Isoniazid
Action:
- inhibiting the growth and reproduction of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the bacteria that causes tuberculosis (TB). It does this by interfering with the synthesis of mycolic acids, which are essential components of the bacterial cell wall.
Common generic medications:
Nydrazid
Laniazid
INH.
Uses:
- tuberculosis. (Screening PPD/ Positive is 10mm or greater Induration)
It is often used in combination with other antituberculosis medications to form a multidrug regimen.
preventive measures for individuals who have been exposed to TB but have not yet developed the disease.
Side effects:
peripheral neuropathy, which can result in numbness, tingling, and weakness in the extremities.
Hyperglycemia
Hepatotoxicity
Rifampin
Action:
Inhibits of protein synthesis
Uses:
Prevents antibiotic resistance when given in combination with other anti-tb meds
Side effects:
Discoloration of body fluids (Orange tint/red body fluids)
Hepatotoxicity
GI upset
