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Clinical Microbiology > Antibiotics And Modes Of Action > Flashcards

Antibiotics And Modes Of Action Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the five categories of antibiotic agents?

A 
1 Inhibition of cell wall synthesis
2 Altering of bacterial cell membrane
3 Inhibition of protein synthesis
4 Inhibition of DNA or RNA synthesis
5 Inhibition of other metabolic processes
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2
Q

What types of drugs inhibit cell wall synthesis?

A 
Penicillins
Cephalosporins 
Carbapenemss
(Monobactems)
Glycopeptides 
(Lipopeptides)
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3
Q

Drugs that inhibit cell wall are also called?

Except glycopeptides

A

Beta-lactams

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4
Q

Which type of org is inherently resistant to beta lactams?

A

Orgs without cell walls

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5
Q

Are beta lactams more effective against g+ or g-?

A

Gram positive

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6
Q

Are beta lactams bacteriocidal or bacteriostatic?

A

Bacteriocidal

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7
Q

How to beta lactams fxn?

A

Inhibit cell wall synthesis by inhibiting enzymes needed for peptidoglycan formation

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8
Q

How do glycopeptides like vancomycin fxn?

A

Interfere with crosslinking of the peptidoglycan

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9
Q

What are the 4 groups of penicillins?

A

Natural penicillins
Penicillinase-resistant
Extended spectrum
Others

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10
Q

What are the two natural penicillins?

A

Penicillin G

Penicillin V

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11
Q

What are Penicillin G and penicillin V used for?

A

Mostly streptococcus, but also gram positive other than staphylococcus and enterococcus

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12
Q

What are the penicillinase-resistant drugs?

A

Methicillin
Oxacillin
(Nafcillan)
“I met a nasty ox with a beta lactam ring around its neck”

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13
Q

What are the penicillinase-resistant drugs used for?

A

Gram positive including MSSA but nit Enterococcus

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14
Q

What are the extended spectrum penicillin drugs?

A

Ampilicillin and amoxicillin

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15
Q

What are extended spectrum penicillin used for?

A

Gram positive Gram negative (they do not work as well as regular penicillins for GPcocci)
its a little better G neg

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16
Q

What are other penicillins (Piperacillin and Ticarcillin) used for?

A

Gram negative

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17
Q

What are the four groups of cephalosporins?

A

First generation
second generation
Third generation
Fourth generation

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18
Q

What makes natural penicillins?

A

Occur from mold Penicillium notatum

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19
Q

How are penicillinase resistant penicillins produced?

A

side-chains are added to the drug to allow the antibiotic to be effective against orgs that produce a penicillinase

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20
Q

How do extended-spectrum penicillins functions?

A

can penetrate the gram negative cell wall

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21
Q

What are penicillin combo drugs?

A

include a penicillin with a beta lactamase

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22
Q

What are the three Penicillin combo drugs?

A

augmentim–(amoxicillin with clavulanic acid)
(piperacillin/tazobactam)
(ampicillin/subactam)

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23
Q

what is another name for beta lactamase?

A

penicillinase

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24
Q

Uses of 1st generation cephalosporins?

A

GPC, but not MRSA or Enterococcus
Enterobacteriaceae and Anaerobes, but not B. fragillis
better for GP

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25
Q

Uses of 2nd Generation cephalosporins?

A

BEtter than first generation for for Enterobacteriaceae and other GNB, but less active for Staph

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26
Q

First generation cephalosporins can be inactivated by?

A

Beta lactamase

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27
Q

SEcond generation is more resistant than first generation to ?

A

Beta lactamase

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28
Q

First Generation cephalosporin drugs?

A

Cephalothin
Cefazolin
Cephalexin

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29
Q

Second Generation of Cephalosporin drugs?

A

Cefoxitin
Cefotetan
Cefuroxime

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30
Q

Third Generation of cephalosporin drugs>

A

Cefotaxime
Ceftriaxone
ceftazidime
cefixime

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31
Q

4th generation of cephalosporine drugs?

A

cefepime

32
Q

Third generation cephalosporin uses?

A

really good against GNB including Pseudomonas.
Not very good against GP.
Good for multi-drug resistant organisms.

33
Q

4th generation cephalosporin uses?

A

GNB that are resistant to 3rd generation.

34
Q

Carbapenems (beta lactam) drugs?

A

Imipenem
Meropenem
Doripenem
Ertapenem

35
Q

Uses of carbapenems?

A

Really against GNB including Pseudomonas
Good against GP, but not MRSA or VRE
Used when resistant to cephalosporins–mostly GN

36
Q

Drugs that alter bacterial cell membrane permeability

A

Bacitracin
Polymyxins
–extremely toxic and used only on the surface of body

37
Q

Polymyxin drugs?

A

Polymyxin B and E (colistin)

38
Q

Use of Bacitracin?

A

Mostly GP including Staph (for external use only)

39
Q

Use of Polymyxins?

A

Mostly GN

used as last resort to resistant GNB

40
Q

Which drug types inhibit protein synthesis?

A

Aminoglycosides
Tetracyclines
Macrolides
Choroamphenicol

41
Q

What drugs are aminoglycosides?

A

Streptomycin
Gentamycin
Tobramycin
Amikacin

42
Q

What are special characteristics of aminoglycosides

A
  • There is no oral option because of poor GI absorption.
  • Used in combination with beta lactams or vanco to allow bacterial uptake.
  • narrow therapeutic index
  • toxic to ears and kidneys
  • Peaks and troughs are monitored
43
Q

Use of Aminoglycosides?

A

Bacteriocidal GP and GN

44
Q

Tetracycline Drugs

A

Minocycline

Doxycycline

45
Q

Use of Tetracyclines

A

Broad spectrum bacteriostatic

46
Q

Macrolide drugs

A

Erythromycin

Clindamycin

47
Q

Special characteristic of macrolides?

A

can penetrate WBC so useful in intracellular infections

48
Q

Uses of macrolides

A

GP only

These cannot penetrate GN cell wall.

49
Q

Chloramphenicol special characteristic?

A

bone marrow toxicity

50
Q

Choramphenicol mode of actions?

A

Inhibit protein synthesis

51
Q

Use of Choramphenicol?

A

GP and GN

52
Q

Action of streptomycin?

A

Inhibit protein synthesis

53
Q

Action of Bacitracin?

A

Alter bacterial cell membrane permeability

54
Q

Action of polymyxin B?

A

Alter bacterial cell membrane permeability

55
Q

Action of polymyxin E (Colistin)?

A

Alter bacterial cell membrane permeability

56
Q

Action of gentamycin?

A

inhibit protein sythesis

57
Q

Action of Tobramycin

A

Inhibit protein synthesis

58
Q

Action of Amikacin

A

Inhibit protein synthesis

59
Q

What drug type is minocycline?

A

Tetracyclines

60
Q

What drug type is doxycycline?

A

Tetracycline

61
Q

What drug type is Erythromycine?

A

Macrolide

62
Q

What drug type is Clindamycin?

A

Macrolide

63
Q

Which drug types inhibit DNA or RNA synthesis?

A

Fluoroquinolones
Metronidazole
Rifamycin

64
Q

Use of Fluoroquinolones?

A

Broad spectrum.
Good for complicated UTI and ear infection.
Not great for Strep or Enterococcus.

65
Q

Drugs that are Drug type Fluoroquinolone?

A

Ciprofloxacin

Levofloxacin

66
Q

Drug that is Drug type metronidazole?

A

Metronidazole

67
Q

Rifampin Treatment for?

A

Tuberculosis

68
Q

Use of metroniodazole?

A

Anaerobes

69
Q

Which drug types inhibit other metabolic processes?

A

Sulfonamides
Trimethoprim
Nitrofurantoin

70
Q

Drug action of Sulfoamides?

A

Inhibits folic acid synthesis

71
Q

Drug action of Trimethoprim?

A

Inhibits folic acid synthesis

72
Q

Drug action of Nitrofurantoin?

A

Inhibits bacterial enzymes

73
Q

Use of Sulfonamides ?

A

GP and GN, but not Psuedomonas

74
Q

Use of Trimethroprim?

A

GP and GN

75
Q

Nitrofurantoin Use?

A

Most GP and GN UTI drug

Clinical Microbiology (13 decks)

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