Antibiotics Flashcards
when selecting an anti-infective drug two categories of factors are used which are
Drug factors and Patient factors
list the 4 drug factors used in selecting an anti-infective drug
Type of drug to be used
Correct dosage to use
Route of administration of drug
possible side effecr/toxicity of drug
list the 7 patient factors used in selecting an anti-infective drug
immunological status
Age
disease state of patient
Presence of foreign bodies(e.g pacemakers and prostethics)
Pregnancy and lactation
History of drug allergy
Genetic traits(e.g fast or slow acetylators)
Based on their actions antibiotics can be divided into 2 broad groups which are
Bactericidal - kills bacteria
Bacteristatic - inhibits bacteria growth and reproduction
a patient with impaired immune mechanism requires what type of antibiotics
Bactericidial
effectiveness of an anti-infective therapy is increased in patients with foreign bodies such as heart pacemakers
T or F
F
it is decreased as bacteria can decide to camp in those devices
in very young and very old patients drug metabolism and excretion is decreased
T or F
T
ototoxicity is a common side effect of antibiotics usually seen in _____
elderly people
ototoxicity is development of hearing or balance problem due to side effects of an administered drug
Penicillin has a neurotoxic side effect when administered in patients with CNS disorder
T or F
T
when administering aminoglycoside or polymyxin B therapy in patients with NMJ disorders there is an increased risk of developing neuromuscular blockade
T or F
T
patient with G6PD deficiency may experience iron deficiency anemia when administered with sulfonamide
T or F
F
hemolytic anemia
isoniazid(for tuberculosis) can cause hepatitis in slow acetylators
T or F
T
list the 4 types of resistance exhibited by microbes
Innate resistance
Acquired resistance
multidrug resistance
superbugs
list 3 bacteria that exhibit multidrug resistance
Vancomycin resistant entrococus (VRE)
Methicilin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)
klebsiella pneumonia
extended spectrum beta lactamase (ESBL) producing gram negative bacteria
Cabapenemase producing gram negative bacteria
list 3 superbugs
superbugs are microbes which are resistant to most commonly used antimicrobial examples include:
Proteus spp.
pseudomonas aeuruginosa
Acinetobacter baumanni
candida aures(fungu)
list 4 mechanism of innate resistance
1.extra outer membrane in gram negative bacteria (that shields the peptidoglycan in the cell wall that antibiotics want to bind to)
2. production of antibiotics degrading enzymes(e.g B-lactamases in E.coli)
3. presence of antibiotics pumps(e.g Acrab-Tolc multi drug pump which pumps out antibiotics that have entered the cell, seen in E. coli)
4. Alteration of targets that antibiotics bind to
list an example of vertical gene transfer (acquired resistance)
from parents to offspring
list 3 horizontal method of gene transfer
Conjugation (via the use of sex pillus)
transduction(via bacteriophage lytic or lysogenic cycle)
transformation(uptake of DNA from the environment usually from dead bacteria)
list two natural antibiotics produced from fungi
Penicillin(from penicillium notatum and cephalosporin(from cephalosporium acremonium)
list 3 natural antibiotics produced from other bacteria
- Gentamycin (from micromonospora spp.)
- Polymyxin (from Bacillus polymyxa)
3.Bacitrin (from chromobacter violaceum)
list 5 antibiotics produced from actinomycetes (i.e streptomyces spp.)
- chloramphenicol - S.venezuella
- Erythromycin - S. erythreus
- lincomycin - S. lincolinesis
- Streptomycin - S. grisseus
- Rifampicin - S. mediterenia
- Tetracycline - S. rimosus and aureofasciens
list 4 semi synthetic antibiotics
Semi synthetic antibiotics are derived from natural antibiotics but with greater spectrum and less side effects. examples include:
ampicillin
amoxicillin
tigecycline
doxycycline
Cefalexin (from cephalosporin)
list 3 synthetic antibiotics
Synthetic antibiotics are completely synthesized from chemicals in the lab
1. trimethoprim
2. carbapenem
3. metronidazole
4. quinolones(e.g ciprofloxacin)
5. eravacycline
list 3 antibiotics that act on 30s subunits of ribosome
aminoglycosides
Tetracycline
Tigecycline
list 5 antibiotics that act on 50s ribosomal subunit
clindamycin
streptogramins
linezolid
chloramphenicol
Macrolides
list 3 antibiotics that inhibit cell wall synthesis
Beta-Lactams (Penicillin, cephalosporin, carbapenem, monobactam)
Vancomycin
antimycobacterial e.g Isoniazid, ethambutol
list examples in the following class of penicillin
a. natural penicillin -
b. Broad spectrum penicillin -
c. anti pseudomonal penicillin -
d. B-lactamase resistant penicillin -
e. anti staphylococcal penicillin
a. benzylpenicillin, penicillin G
b. aminopenicillin (e.g ampicillin, amoxicillin
c. ticacillin, piperacillin, carbenicillin
d. flucloxacillin
e. dicloxacillin, naficillin
list at least 2 examples of each generation of cephalosporin and characteristics of the generation
1st generation - have antibacterial spectra and potency like penicillin e.g cefalexine and cefazolin
2nd generation - more potency and better against gram -ve bacteria e.g cefoxitin, cefuroxime
3rd generation - even more potent and effective against gram -ve bacteria at the expense of reduced potency for gram +ve
list 2 species which tetracycline is ineffective against
Pseudomonas aeuriginosa
Proteus spp.
nb: tetracycline is effective against both gram bacterias
list 3 side effects of tetracycline use
poor tooth development in children less than 8 years
anorexia
sunburn
tinnitus(ear ringing)
fatty liver
ingestion of expired tetracycline causes
Fanconi syndrome
nb macrolide consist of deoxy sugars attached to a ring of macrocyclic lactones
Tetracycline are used in treatment of disease such as
cholera
acne
syphilis
malaria
adverse effect of macrolides use include
QT wave elongation(erythromycin/clarithromycin)
pyloric stenosis in children
cholestasis
what set of individuals should not use amphenicols
pregnant and lactating mothers
list 3 adverse effect of chloramphenicol use
- gray baby syndrome in infants
- diarrhea
- bone marrow suppression
