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pharmacology > Antibiotics > Flashcards

Antibiotics Flashcards

1
Q

when selecting an anti-infective drug two categories of factors are used which are

A

Drug factors and Patient factors

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2
Q

list the 4 drug factors used in selecting an anti-infective drug

A

Type of drug to be used
Correct dosage to use
Route of administration of drug
possible side effecr/toxicity of drug

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3
Q

list the 7 patient factors used in selecting an anti-infective drug

A

immunological status
Age
disease state of patient
Presence of foreign bodies(e.g pacemakers and prostethics)
Pregnancy and lactation
History of drug allergy
Genetic traits(e.g fast or slow acetylators)

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4
Q

Based on their actions antibiotics can be divided into 2 broad groups which are

A

Bactericidal - kills bacteria
Bacteristatic - inhibits bacteria growth and reproduction

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5
Q

a patient with impaired immune mechanism requires what type of antibiotics

A

Bactericidial

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6
Q

effectiveness of an anti-infective therapy is increased in patients with foreign bodies such as heart pacemakers
T or F

A

F
it is decreased as bacteria can decide to camp in those devices

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7
Q

in very young and very old patients drug metabolism and excretion is decreased
T or F

A

T

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8
Q

ototoxicity is a common side effect of antibiotics usually seen in _____

A

elderly people

ototoxicity is development of hearing or balance problem due to side effects of an administered drug

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9
Q

Penicillin has a neurotoxic side effect when administered in patients with CNS disorder
T or F

A

T

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10
Q

when administering aminoglycoside or polymyxin B therapy in patients with NMJ disorders there is an increased risk of developing neuromuscular blockade
T or F

A

T

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11
Q

patient with G6PD deficiency may experience iron deficiency anemia when administered with sulfonamide
T or F

A

F
hemolytic anemia

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12
Q

isoniazid(for tuberculosis) can cause hepatitis in slow acetylators
T or F

A

T

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13
Q

list the 4 types of resistance exhibited by microbes

A

Innate resistance
Acquired resistance
multidrug resistance
superbugs

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14
Q

list 3 bacteria that exhibit multidrug resistance

A

Vancomycin resistant entrococus (VRE)
Methicilin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)
klebsiella pneumonia
extended spectrum beta lactamase (ESBL) producing gram negative bacteria
Cabapenemase producing gram negative bacteria

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15
Q

list 3 superbugs

A

superbugs are microbes which are resistant to most commonly used antimicrobial examples include:
Proteus spp.
pseudomonas aeuruginosa
Acinetobacter baumanni
candida aures(fungu)

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16
Q

list 4 mechanism of innate resistance

A

1.extra outer membrane in gram negative bacteria (that shields the peptidoglycan in the cell wall that antibiotics want to bind to)
2. production of antibiotics degrading enzymes(e.g B-lactamases in E.coli)
3. presence of antibiotics pumps(e.g Acrab-Tolc multi drug pump which pumps out antibiotics that have entered the cell, seen in E. coli)
4. Alteration of targets that antibiotics bind to

17
Q

list an example of vertical gene transfer (acquired resistance)

A

from parents to offspring

18
Q

list 3 horizontal method of gene transfer

A

Conjugation (via the use of sex pillus)
transduction(via bacteriophage lytic or lysogenic cycle)
transformation(uptake of DNA from the environment usually from dead bacteria)

19
Q

list two natural antibiotics produced from fungi

A

Penicillin(from penicillium notatum and cephalosporin(from cephalosporium acremonium)

20
Q

list 3 natural antibiotics produced from other bacteria

A
  1. Gentamycin (from micromonospora spp.)
  2. Polymyxin (from Bacillus polymyxa)
    3.Bacitrin (from chromobacter violaceum)
21
Q

list 5 antibiotics produced from actinomycetes (i.e streptomyces spp.)

A
  1. chloramphenicol - S.venezuella
  2. Erythromycin - S. erythreus
  3. lincomycin - S. lincolinesis
  4. Streptomycin - S. grisseus
  5. Rifampicin - S. mediterenia
  6. Tetracycline - S. rimosus and aureofasciens
22
Q

list 4 semi synthetic antibiotics

A

Semi synthetic antibiotics are derived from natural antibiotics but with greater spectrum and less side effects. examples include:
ampicillin
amoxicillin
tigecycline
doxycycline
Cefalexin (from cephalosporin)

23
Q

list 3 synthetic antibiotics

A

Synthetic antibiotics are completely synthesized from chemicals in the lab
1. trimethoprim
2. carbapenem
3. metronidazole
4. quinolones(e.g ciprofloxacin)
5. eravacycline

24
Q

list 3 antibiotics that act on 30s subunits of ribosome

A

aminoglycosides
Tetracycline
Tigecycline

25
Q

list 5 antibiotics that act on 50s ribosomal subunit

A

clindamycin
streptogramins
linezolid
chloramphenicol
Macrolides

26
Q

list 3 antibiotics that inhibit cell wall synthesis

A

Beta-Lactams (Penicillin, cephalosporin, carbapenem, monobactam)
Vancomycin
antimycobacterial e.g Isoniazid, ethambutol

27
Q

list examples in the following class of penicillin
a. natural penicillin -
b. Broad spectrum penicillin -
c. anti pseudomonal penicillin -
d. B-lactamase resistant penicillin -
e. anti staphylococcal penicillin

A

a. benzylpenicillin, penicillin G
b. aminopenicillin (e.g ampicillin, amoxicillin
c. ticacillin, piperacillin, carbenicillin
d. flucloxacillin
e. dicloxacillin, naficillin

28
Q

list at least 2 examples of each generation of cephalosporin and characteristics of the generation

A

1st generation - have antibacterial spectra and potency like penicillin e.g cefalexine and cefazolin
2nd generation - more potency and better against gram -ve bacteria e.g cefoxitin, cefuroxime
3rd generation - even more potent and effective against gram -ve bacteria at the expense of reduced potency for gram +ve

29
Q

list 2 species which tetracycline is ineffective against

A

Pseudomonas aeuriginosa
Proteus spp.
nb: tetracycline is effective against both gram bacterias

30
Q

list 3 side effects of tetracycline use

A

poor tooth development in children less than 8 years
anorexia
sunburn
tinnitus(ear ringing)
fatty liver

31
Q

ingestion of expired tetracycline causes

A

Fanconi syndrome

32
Q

nb macrolide consist of deoxy sugars attached to a ring of macrocyclic lactones

A
33
Q

Tetracycline are used in treatment of disease such as

A

cholera
acne
syphilis
malaria

34
Q

adverse effect of macrolides use include

A

QT wave elongation(erythromycin/clarithromycin)
pyloric stenosis in children
cholestasis

35
Q

what set of individuals should not use amphenicols

A

pregnant and lactating mothers

36
Q

list 3 adverse effect of chloramphenicol use

A
  1. gray baby syndrome in infants
  2. diarrhea
  3. bone marrow suppression

pharmacology (8 decks)

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