Antibiotics

Question 1

Name some B-lactam antibiotics.

Answer 1

Penicillin, cephalosporins, monobactams, carbapenems

Question 2

Name a drug which is used when B-lactams have failed.

Answer 2

Vancomycin (glycopeptide antibiotic) - has some resistance to MRSA.

Question 3

List some side effects of vancomycin.

Answer 3

Nephrotoxicity (esp. in patients with renal impairment), red-man syndrome and ototoxicity.

Question 4

Name a drug which is must better tolerated than vancomycin.

Answer 4

Teicoplanin

Question 5

Name some bacteria in which vancomycin can be used against.

Answer 5

MRSA (however now some resistance), C. diff

Question 6

Name a major mechanism of resistance to B-lactams in gram-negative pathogens

Answer 6

Pencillase (B-lactamase)

Question 7

Name a first generation cephalosporin and what it is active against.

Answer 7

cefradine - highly active against gram positive bacteria

Question 8

Name a second generation cephalosporin and what is it active against.

Answer 8

cefaclor - active against gram negative bacteria

Question 9

Name a third generation cephalosporin and what it is active against.

Answer 9

cefotaxime - more active than second generation against gram negative aerobes.

Question 10

Name a fourth generation cephalosporin and what it is active against.

Answer 10

cefepime - highly resistant to B-lactamase

Question 11

Name a fifth generation cephalosporin and what it is active against.

Answer 11

ceftaroline - increased activity to MRSA

Question 12

Name some macrolides

Answer 12

erythromycin, clarithromycin, azithromycin

Question 13

Name some side effects for erythromycin

Answer 13

Cholestatic hepatitis, prolonged QT interval

Question 14

Erythromycin and clarithromycin inhibit which enzyme.

Answer 14

CYP450 and CYP3A4

Question 15

Name some tetracyclines.

Answer 15

Tetracycline, doxycycline, demeclocycline, minocycline

Question 16

Name some side effects of tetracyclines.

Answer 16

Increased photosensitivity, teratogenic and staining of teeth

Question 17

Name some aminoglycosides.

Answer 17

Gentamycin, amikacin, tobramycin, streptomycin

Question 18

Name side effects of aminoglycosides.

Answer 18

Ototoxicity, nephrotoxicity, neuromuscular blockade.
Drug must be used cautiously in patients with renal impairment and myasthenia gravis. Also, vestibular and auditory dysfunction

Question 19

Name some lincosamides.

Answer 19

Clindamycin

Question 20

Name some amphenicols

Answer 20

Chloramphenicol

Question 21

What are the side effects of chloramphenicol.

Answer 21

pancytopenia and grey baby syndrome.

Question 22

Name an oxazolidinone

Answer 22

Linezolid

Question 23

Name drugs which are broad spectrum antibiotics.

Answer 23

Chloramphenicol, clindamycin, ciprofloxacin, amoxicillin/ampicillin

Question 24

Name drugs which are used against MRSA.

Answer 24

Clindamycin, Linezolid

Question 25

Name the antibiotics which bind to the 30S ribosomal subunit

Answer 25

Aminoglycosides and tetracyclines

Question 26

Name the enzyme in which sulphonamides inhibit.

Answer 26

dihydropteroate synthetase

Question 27

Name the enzyme in which trimethoprim inhibits.

Answer 27

dihydrofolate reductase

Question 28

Name the drugs that interfere with DNA synthesis.

Answer 28

Fluoroquinolones (ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, gemifloxacin, nalidixic acid), metronidazole

Question 29

What are the side effects of fluoroquinolones?

Answer 29

high risk antibiotics for the development of C.diff, cardiac arrhythmias, convulsions, hypoglycaemia

Question 30

What are the side effects of metronidazole?

Answer 30

Epigastric distress, metallic taste, darkening of urine, stomatitis, glossitis and peripheral neuropathy, prolonged QT interval, contraindicated in pregnancy.

Question 31

Name some CYP450 enzyme inhibitors.

Answer 31

Erythromycin, ketoconazole (all azole antifungals), fluoroquinolones, metronidazole, sulphonamides/trimethoprim

Question 32

Name some CYP450 inducers.

Answer 32

Carbamazepine, griseofluvin, rifampin, warfarin,

Question 33

What are the first line drugs of TB?

Answer 33

Isoniazid, rifampicin, ethambutol, pyrazinamide

Question 34

Which drug inhibits mycolic acid?

Answer 34

Isoniazid

Question 35

Which drug may need supplemental vitamin B6?

Answer 35

Isoniazid (causes interference with the metabolism of pyridoxine, also known as vitamin B6.)

Question 36

Which drug should you stop taking if there is an increase in bilirubin?

Answer 36

rifampicin

Question 37

Name the second line drugs for TB

Answer 37

Cycloserine, streptomycin, capreomycin