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Pharmacology > Antibiotics > Flashcards

Antibiotics Flashcards

1
Q

Name some B-lactam antibiotics.

A

Penicillin, cephalosporins, monobactams, carbapenems

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2
Q

Name a drug which is used when B-lactams have failed.

A

Vancomycin (glycopeptide antibiotic) - has some resistance to MRSA.

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3
Q

List some side effects of vancomycin.

A

Nephrotoxicity (esp. in patients with renal impairment), red-man syndrome and ototoxicity.

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4
Q

Name a drug which is must better tolerated than vancomycin.

A

Teicoplanin

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5
Q

Name some bacteria in which vancomycin can be used against.

A

MRSA (however now some resistance), C. diff

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6
Q

Name a major mechanism of resistance to B-lactams in gram-negative pathogens

A

Pencillase (B-lactamase)

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7
Q

Name a first generation cephalosporin and what it is active against.

A

cefradine - highly active against gram positive bacteria

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8
Q

Name a second generation cephalosporin and what is it active against.

A

cefaclor - active against gram negative bacteria

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9
Q

Name a third generation cephalosporin and what it is active against.

A

cefotaxime - more active than second generation against gram negative aerobes.

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10
Q

Name a fourth generation cephalosporin and what it is active against.

A

cefepime - highly resistant to B-lactamase

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11
Q

Name a fifth generation cephalosporin and what it is active against.

A

ceftaroline - increased activity to MRSA

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12
Q

Name some macrolides

A

erythromycin, clarithromycin, azithromycin

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13
Q

Name some side effects for erythromycin

A

Cholestatic hepatitis, prolonged QT interval

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14
Q

Erythromycin and clarithromycin inhibit which enzyme.

A

CYP450 and CYP3A4

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15
Q

Name some tetracyclines.

A

Tetracycline, doxycycline, demeclocycline, minocycline

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16
Q

Name some side effects of tetracyclines.

A

Increased photosensitivity, teratogenic and staining of teeth

17
Q

Name some aminoglycosides.

A

Gentamycin, amikacin, tobramycin, streptomycin

18
Q

Name side effects of aminoglycosides.

A

Ototoxicity, nephrotoxicity, neuromuscular blockade.
Drug must be used cautiously in patients with renal impairment and myasthenia gravis. Also, vestibular and auditory dysfunction

19
Q

Name some lincosamides.

A

Clindamycin

20
Q

Name some amphenicols

A

Chloramphenicol

21
Q

What are the side effects of chloramphenicol.

A

pancytopenia and grey baby syndrome.

22
Q

Name an oxazolidinone

A

Linezolid

23
Q

Name drugs which are broad spectrum antibiotics.

A

Chloramphenicol, clindamycin, ciprofloxacin, amoxicillin/ampicillin

24
Q

Name drugs which are used against MRSA.

A

Clindamycin, Linezolid

25
Q

Name the antibiotics which bind to the 30S ribosomal subunit

A

Aminoglycosides and tetracyclines

26
Q

Name the enzyme in which sulphonamides inhibit.

A

dihydropteroate synthetase

27
Q

Name the enzyme in which trimethoprim inhibits.

A

dihydrofolate reductase

28
Q

Name the drugs that interfere with DNA synthesis.

A

Fluoroquinolones (ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, gemifloxacin, nalidixic acid), metronidazole

29
Q

What are the side effects of fluoroquinolones?

A

high risk antibiotics for the development of C.diff, cardiac arrhythmias, convulsions, hypoglycaemia

30
Q

What are the side effects of metronidazole?

A

Epigastric distress, metallic taste, darkening of urine, stomatitis, glossitis and peripheral neuropathy, prolonged QT interval, contraindicated in pregnancy.

31
Q

Name some CYP450 enzyme inhibitors.

A

Erythromycin, ketoconazole (all azole antifungals), fluoroquinolones, metronidazole, sulphonamides/trimethoprim

32
Q

Name some CYP450 inducers.

A

Carbamazepine, griseofluvin, rifampin, warfarin,

33
Q

What are the first line drugs of TB?

A

Isoniazid, rifampicin, ethambutol, pyrazinamide

34
Q

Which drug inhibits mycolic acid?

A

Isoniazid

35
Q

Which drug may need supplemental vitamin B6?

A

Isoniazid (causes interference with the metabolism of pyridoxine, also known as vitamin B6.)

36
Q

Which drug should you stop taking if there is an increase in bilirubin?

A

rifampicin

37
Q

Name the second line drugs for TB

A

Cycloserine, streptomycin, capreomycin

Pharmacology (7 decks)

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