Antibiotics Flashcards
Name some B-lactam antibiotics.
Penicillin, cephalosporins, monobactams, carbapenems
Name a drug which is used when B-lactams have failed.
Vancomycin (glycopeptide antibiotic) - has some resistance to MRSA.
List some side effects of vancomycin.
Nephrotoxicity (esp. in patients with renal impairment), red-man syndrome and ototoxicity.
Name a drug which is must better tolerated than vancomycin.
Teicoplanin
Name some bacteria in which vancomycin can be used against.
MRSA (however now some resistance), C. diff
Name a major mechanism of resistance to B-lactams in gram-negative pathogens
Pencillase (B-lactamase)
Name a first generation cephalosporin and what it is active against.
cefradine - highly active against gram positive bacteria
Name a second generation cephalosporin and what is it active against.
cefaclor - active against gram negative bacteria
Name a third generation cephalosporin and what it is active against.
cefotaxime - more active than second generation against gram negative aerobes.
Name a fourth generation cephalosporin and what it is active against.
cefepime - highly resistant to B-lactamase
Name a fifth generation cephalosporin and what it is active against.
ceftaroline - increased activity to MRSA
Name some macrolides
erythromycin, clarithromycin, azithromycin
Name some side effects for erythromycin
Cholestatic hepatitis, prolonged QT interval
Erythromycin and clarithromycin inhibit which enzyme.
CYP450 and CYP3A4
Name some tetracyclines.
Tetracycline, doxycycline, demeclocycline, minocycline
Name some side effects of tetracyclines.
Increased photosensitivity, teratogenic and staining of teeth
Name some aminoglycosides.
Gentamycin, amikacin, tobramycin, streptomycin
Name side effects of aminoglycosides.
Ototoxicity, nephrotoxicity, neuromuscular blockade.
Drug must be used cautiously in patients with renal impairment and myasthenia gravis. Also, vestibular and auditory dysfunction
Name some lincosamides.
Clindamycin
Name some amphenicols
Chloramphenicol
What are the side effects of chloramphenicol.
pancytopenia and grey baby syndrome.
Name an oxazolidinone
Linezolid
Name drugs which are broad spectrum antibiotics.
Chloramphenicol, clindamycin, ciprofloxacin, amoxicillin/ampicillin
Name drugs which are used against MRSA.
Clindamycin, Linezolid
Name the antibiotics which bind to the 30S ribosomal subunit
Aminoglycosides and tetracyclines
Name the enzyme in which sulphonamides inhibit.
dihydropteroate synthetase
Name the enzyme in which trimethoprim inhibits.
dihydrofolate reductase
Name the drugs that interfere with DNA synthesis.
Fluoroquinolones (ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, gemifloxacin, nalidixic acid), metronidazole
What are the side effects of fluoroquinolones?
high risk antibiotics for the development of C.diff, cardiac arrhythmias, convulsions, hypoglycaemia
What are the side effects of metronidazole?
Epigastric distress, metallic taste, darkening of urine, stomatitis, glossitis and peripheral neuropathy, prolonged QT interval, contraindicated in pregnancy.
Name some CYP450 enzyme inhibitors.
Erythromycin, ketoconazole (all azole antifungals), fluoroquinolones, metronidazole, sulphonamides/trimethoprim
Name some CYP450 inducers.
Carbamazepine, griseofluvin, rifampin, warfarin,
What are the first line drugs of TB?
Isoniazid, rifampicin, ethambutol, pyrazinamide
Which drug inhibits mycolic acid?
Isoniazid
Which drug may need supplemental vitamin B6?
Isoniazid (causes interference with the metabolism of pyridoxine, also known as vitamin B6.)
Which drug should you stop taking if there is an increase in bilirubin?
rifampicin
Name the second line drugs for TB
Cycloserine, streptomycin, capreomycin
