Antibiotic resistance Flashcards

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1
Q

What are some challenges caused by antibiotic resistance ?

A

Increases mortality
Challenges control of infectious diseases
Threatens return of pre-antibiotic era
Increases healthcare cost
Treating resistance antibiotics are more expensive /may be more toxic and selective toxicity is harder.

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2
Q

What are the mechanisms of antibiotic resistance ?

A

SLIDE

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3
Q

What is drug inactivation ?

A

Some bacteria contains enzyme beta -lactamase
This means we can’t use beta lactam ring on penicillin which means these antibiotics cannot be used as the enzyme will degrade the structure.

No longer be a competitive inhibitor of the enzymes which create peptidoglycan

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4
Q

What are some targets which can be altered leading to antibiotic resistance?

A
Ribosome 
Porin 
PBPs
Peptidoglycan synthesis
DNA gyrase 
RNA polymerase
Mcr1 and colistin
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5
Q

what are the three mechanisms of resistance ?

A

Natural resistance
Genetic mechanisms -acquired
Non-genetic mechanisms (growth phases)

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6
Q

What is natural resistance ?

A

Drugs need to reach their target and sometimes there are natural barriers such as porins , export pumps

Gram postive peptidoglycan -highly porous and have no barrier to diffusion

Gram -ves outer membrane -barrier resistance advantage

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7
Q

Outline how genetic mechanisms can lead to antibiotic resistance ?

A
Chromosome mediated 
Due to spontaneous mutation :
target molecule 
Drug uptake system 
Mutants are selected not induced 

Plasmid-mediated -gene exchange
Common in gram-negative
Transferred through conjugation
This can lead to multidrug resistance

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8
Q

Give a summary of bacteria gene transfer

A

This is the mechanism for gene heterogeneity and eviolution

Rapid cross-species
Virulence (toxins )

DNA
Transformation
Transduction
Conjugation

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9
Q

What is Augmentin made up off ?

A

This is also called co-amoxiclav and it is made up of
Clauvanic acid and amaxicillin

This drug binds to and inactivates beta-lactamases
No anti-bacterial activity of its own

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