antibacterial resistance Flashcards

1
Q

Where is ampC info located?

A

Chromosomally

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2
Q

ampC is resistance to:

A

beta lactamases:

penicillin and cephalosporin (cannot be inhibited by beta lactamase inhibitors)

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3
Q

Which 2 organisms can have ampC?

A

Enterobacter

Pseudomonas

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4
Q

List 3 enterobacteriaceae

A

Enterobacter
E coli
Klebsiella

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5
Q

2 drugs that can induce amp C

A

cefazolin

ampicilin

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6
Q

ESBL is located in?

A

plasmid

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7
Q

amp expression can be _____ or _____

A

inducible or constitutive

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8
Q

ESBL is in which 2 bugs?

A

E. Coli and Klebsiella

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9
Q

b-lactamase inhibitor’s effect onESBL and ampC

A

Can help with ESBL but cannot help with amp C

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10
Q

Who can acquire erm and msr?

A

Staph Aureus

Strep Pneumo

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11
Q

erm is inducible by?

A

only by macrolides

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12
Q

erm affects which two drugs

A

macrolides (Erythromycin induced) and clindamycin

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13
Q

Why are ERM and ampC important

A

single mutation –> change to consitutive on.

Can occur DURING therapy

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14
Q

How does erm work?

A

dimethylation of 23S rRNA.

Macrolides cannot bind to 23s rRNA (part of 50S)

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15
Q

How does msr gene work?

A

drug efflux

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16
Q

what does erm-D-test tell you?

A

If bug has erm (inducible) or efflux resistence.

17
Q

What can you treat with if bug has msr (efflux resistance) (clindamycin/macrolides)

A

Clindamycin - yes

Macrolides - no

18
Q

What can you treat with if bug has erm (inducible)?(clindamycin/macrolides)

A

Do not use clindamycin

Do not use Macrolides

19
Q

Who has narrow spectrum b-lactamase?

A

S. Aureus (MSSA)
E.coli TEM-1
Klebs Pneumo SHV1

20
Q

narrow spectrum b-lactamse resists which drugs?

A

penicillin

Ampicillin

21
Q

ESBL (plasmids) resists which drugs?

A

Penicillins + cephalosporins

22
Q

_____ and ______ both resists penicillin and cephalosporin?

A

ESBL and ampC

23
Q

MRSA resistance (gene: mecA) due to?

A

PBP –> PBP2a (low affinity)

24
Q

VRE has two genes ____ and ____ and located in ______

A

van A, vanB, plasmid

25
Q

How does vancomysin work?

A

Bind to precursor for cell wall

26
Q

How does VRE have resistance?

A

Precursor is changed to D-ala-D-lac (from D-ala-D-ala)

27
Q

How does N. Gonorrhoeae have resistance?

A

altered PBP

28
Q

3 main ways antibiotic resistance

A
  1. inactivate/modify drug
  2. Alter drug target
  3. reduce ability of drug to get to target
29
Q

E. Coli TEM-1 vs E. Coli

A

gained penicillimase from plasmid

30
Q

Ecoli’s TEM1 vs Klebsiella SHV1 location difference

A

Ecoli TEM1 - plasmid

Klebsilla SHV1 - chromosomal

31
Q

Two plasmid that causes resistance of penicillin, cephalosporin, AND carbapenem?

A

KPC

NDM1

32
Q

Aminoglycosides resistance occurs how?

A

Inactivating/modifying drug:

N – acetylation, O-nucleotidylation, O-phosphorylation

33
Q

Two ways altered PBP?

A
mecA (MRSA) - PBP2a
Mosaic PBP (strp pneumoniae/N. gonorrhoeae)
34
Q

VISA (vancomycin - intermediate - susceptibility S. aureus) have two major diff from sensitive strains

A
  1. thicker layer of peptidoglycan

2. Less cross linking (absorbs vanco)

35
Q

_____ of DNA gyrase and ____ of topo IV have quinolone resistance determining region (QRDR)

A

GyrA & ParC

36
Q

QRDR (quinolone resistance determining region) effect

A

enzyme less sensitive to inhibition by quinolones –> reduce drug/target affinity