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Pharmacology 2 > Anti-seizure, Anesthetics, Muscle Relaxants > Flashcards

Anti-seizure, Anesthetics, Muscle Relaxants Flashcards

1
Q

Drugs for absence seizures

A

Clonazepam
Ethosuximide
Valproic acid

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2
Q

Drugs for myoclonic seizures

A

Clonazepam
Lamotrigine
Valproic acid

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3
Q

Sudden, brief, shock-like contractions

A

Myoclonic seizures

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4
Q

MOA of phenytoin

A

Blocks voltage-gated sodium channels

Similar drugs: fosyphenytoin, mephenytoin, ethotoin

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5
Q

Fetal hydantoin syndrome

A

Upturned nose
Mild midfacial hypoplasia
Long upper lip with thin vermillion border
Lower distal digital hypoplasia

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6
Q

MOA of carbamazepine

A

Blocks voltage-gated sodium channels and decreases glutamate release
Tricyclics

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7
Q

Teratogenic side effects of valproic acid

A

Neural tube defects
Spina bifida
“Valproate ate the folate”

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8
Q

MOA of ethosuximide

A

Decreases calcium currents (T type) in thalamus

Similar drugs: phensuximide, methsuximide

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9
Q

MOA of gabapentin and pregabalin

A

Blocks calcium channels
Increases GABA release
Inhibits neuronal discharge from seizure foci

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10
Q

MOA of lamotrigine

A

Blocks sodium and calcium channels

Decreases glutamate

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11
Q

MOA of levetiracetam and piracetam

A

Selectively binds synaptic vesicular protein SV2A
Modifies synaptic release of glutamate and GABA
Not metabolized by cytochrome P450

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12
Q

Antiseizure drug with the most number of MOA

A

Topiramate (monosaccharide derivative)

Multiple actions on synaptic function, probably via sodium, calcium, GABA, AMPA-glutamate, carbonic anhydrase

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13
Q

Used in Lennox-Gastaut syndrome (difficult form of epilepsy, 2-6 y/o)

A

Topiramate

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14
Q

First line drug for mania

A

Valproic acid

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15
Q

DOC for trigeminal neuralgia

A

Carbamazepine

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16
Q

Can be used for migraine

A

Gabapentin
Phenytoin
Topiramate

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17
Q

Drugs for tonic-clonic seizures

A

Carbamazepine
Lamotrigine
Phenytoin
Valproic acid

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18
Q

Stages of anesthesia

A

Analgesia
Disinhibition
Surgical anesthesia
Medullary depression

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19
Q

Inhalational anesthetics

A 
Nitrous oxide 
Desflurane
Sevoflurane
Isoflurane
Enflurane
Halothane
Methoxyflurane
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20
Q

SE include megaloblastic anemia and euphoria, lowest potency, highest MAC

A

Nitrous oxide

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21
Q

Pulmonary irritant, pungent, poor induction agent

A

Desflurane

22
Q

SE include renal insufficiency

A

Sevoflurane

Metabolite is nephrotoxic

23
Q

Associated with coronary steal syndrome

A

Isoflurane

24
Q

SE include spike-and-wave activity, muscle twitching, breath holding

A

Enflurane

25
Q

Can cause post operative hepatitis and malignant hyperthermia when mixed with succinylcholine

A

Halothane

26
Q

Highest potency and lowest MAC, obsolete

A

Methoxyflurane

27
Q

Antidote to benzodiazepines

A

Flumazenil

28
Q

Dissociative anesthetic, MOA?

A

Ketamine

Blocks excitation of glutamate at NMDA receptors

29
Q

IV anesthetic with minimal effects on CV and respiratory functions, no analgesic properties

A

Etomidate

30
Q

Opioid analgesics

A

Fentanyl
Morphine
Alfentanil
Remofentanil

31
Q

Antidote to fentanyl

A

Naloxone- antidote for opioids

32
Q

Milk of amnesia, MOA?

A

Propofol

Potentiates GABA-alpha receptors, blocks sodium channels

33
Q

Local anesthetics

A

Esters, 1 i: tetracaine, procaine, benzocaine

Amides, 2 i’s: bupivacaine, ropivacaine, lidocaine

34
Q

MOA of local anesthetics

A

Block voltage-dependent sodium channels, reducing influx of sodium, thereby preventing depolarization

35
Q

All local anesthetics are vasodilators except…

A

Cocaine

36
Q

Shortest half life among local anesthetics

A

Procaine

Novocaine

37
Q

Prevents reuptake of epinephrine and norepinephrine

A

Cocaine

38
Q

Topical ophthalmic anesthesia, with most allergenic potential

A

Tetracaine

39
Q

Local anesthetic with group 1B antiarrhythmic activity

A

Lidocaine

40
Q

Toxic dose of lidocaine

A

5 mg/kg

1%=10 mg/ml

41
Q

Used in dental anesthesia, can cause methemoglobinemia

A

Prilocaine

42
Q

Used in epidural anesthesia

A

Bupivacaine

Ropivacaine

43
Q

Treatment for cardiotoxicity of bupivacaine

A

INTRALIPID (fat emulsion used in TPN)

44
Q

MOA of succinylcholine

A

Agonist at Ach-N receptors causing initial twitch then persistent depolarization.

45
Q

Nondepolarizing neuromuscular blockers

A 
Tubocurarine 
Mivacurium
Atracurium
Vecuronium
Rocuronium
Pancuronium
46
Q

Long acting nondepolarizing neuromuscular blocker

A

Tubocurarine

47
Q

Used in strychnine poisoning, lethal injection

A

Pancuronium

48
Q

Undergoes Hofman elimination (rapid spontaneous breakdown)

A

Atracurium

49
Q

Drugs used in lethal injection

A

Thiopental
Pancuronium
Potassium chloride

50
Q

Metabolized by pseudocholinesterase

A

Mivacurium

Succinylcholine

51
Q

Undergoes elimination in bile

A

Vecuronium

52
Q

Can cause malignant hyperthermia

A

Succinylcholine interaction with halothane and possibly tubocurarine
Treatment includes rapid cooling and administration of dantrolene

Pharmacology 2 (9 decks)

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