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Anti-Infective Agents Flashcards

1
Q

deals with the physicochemical properties of drugs that affect its biological action

A

ORGANIC MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY

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2
Q

the practice of medicinal chemistry is devoted to the discovery and development of new drugs

A

ORGANIC MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY

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3
Q

disinfects drinking water

A

Halazone

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4
Q

(2% solution of iodine in 50% alcohol with NaI)

A

Iodine tincture

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5
Q

produces numbness when applied to tongue; ingred in lozenges

A

Hexylresorcinol

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6
Q

Used before discovery of sulfonamides and antibiotics

A

DYES

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7
Q

Antisepsis, irrigation of mucous membranes

A

Benzethonium Chloride

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8
Q

active against anaerobic bacteria, wound cleansing

A

Hydrogen Peroxide

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9
Q

Nonsporulating microorganisms (65C-100C)

A

Pasteurization

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10
Q

Completely denatured alcohol contains added methanol (wood alcohol) and benzene

A

Denatured

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11
Q

Phenol with 10% water

A

Liquefied Phenol

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12
Q

complex with the nonionic surfactant polymer, polyvinylpyrrolidone

A

Povidone Iodine (Betadine)

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13
Q

was a very popular antiseptic for skin & ocular infections

A

Nitromersol

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14
Q

Antidote for cyanide poisoning

A

Methylene Blue

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15
Q

mixture of three isomeric methylphenols; obtained from coal tar or petroleum

A

Cresol

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16
Q

Rapidly bactericidal (50% to 95%), 40% equal antiseptic power to a 60% ethanol

A

Isopropyl

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17
Q

components: glutaraldehyde and buffer

A

Glutarol/Glutaraldehyde (Cidex)

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18
Q

easily adsorbed onto skin and enters sebaceous glands (neurotoxicity)

A

Hexachlorophene

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19
Q

from clove oil; applied on cotton to relieve toothaches, ingredient in mouthwashes

A

Eugenol

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20
Q

most effective topical OTC agent for the control of acne

A

Hydrous Benzoyl Peroxide (2.5%, 5%, 10%)

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21
Q

complex of sodium salt of dodecylbenzesulfonic acid and hypochlorous acid

A

Oxychlorosene Sodium

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22
Q

used for skin infections

A

Ammoniated Mercury (white precipitate)

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23
Q

vaginal suppositories (yeast infections), topical (cutaneous candidiasis)

A

Gentian Violet (Crystal v)

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24
Q

Best antiseptic based on antibacterial effect, no systemic toxicity

A

Chlorhexidine (Bactidol)

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25
Q

a glyceryltriacetate solution is used as wound dressing

A

Chloroazodin

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26
Q

(2% iodine in water with KI)

A

Iodine Solution

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27
Q

releases hydrogen peroxide when mixed with water

A

Carbamide Peroxide (urea + H2O2)

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28
Q

weak antiseptic, keratolytic

A

Resorcinol

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29
Q

used in combination with camphor in liquid petrolatum

A

p Chlorophenol

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30
Q

Used to sterilize temp sensitive medical equipment and those that could not be autoclaved

A

Ethylene Oxide

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31
Q

Astringent, rubefacient, refrigerant, mild local anesthetic

A

Rubbing (70%)

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32
Q

Reduction to a level acceptable for public health

A

Sanitation

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33
Q

Destruction or marked reduction in the number or activity of microorganisms

A

Decontamination

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34
Q

2% (shampoo), for athlete’s foot and jock itch

A

p Chloro-m-xylenol

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35
Q

m-cresol; from Thymus vulgaris; mild fungicidal (tinea)

A

Thymol

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36
Q

(5% iodine in water with KI)

A

Lugol’s sol’n/Strong Iodine Sol’n

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37
Q

topical bacteriostatic antiseptic

A

Thimerosal

38
Q

carbol fuchsin solution (Castellani’s paint) used topically for fungal infections

A

Basic Fuchsin

39
Q

General antiseptic, tx of gingivitis (Forms: lozenges, mouthwash)

A

Cetylpyridinum Chloride

40
Q

preservative

A

Chlorocresol

41
Q

for diaper rash (Bacterium ammoniagenes which produces NH4 in urine)

A

Methylbenzethonium Chloride

42
Q

were used as antiseptic

A

Mercurous Chloride (calomel)

43
Q

Detergent, emulsifier, wetting agt, antiseptic, preservative (+Na nitrate)

A

Benzalkonium Chloride

44
Q

nlt 99% ethanol; obtained by azeotropic distillation

A

Dehydrated/Absolute

45
Q

Kills all types including spores

A

Sterilization

46
Q

introduced phenol (carbolic acid)

A

Joseph Lister

47
Q

Salvarsan (compound 606), Selective toxicity

A

Paul Ehrlich

48
Q

On inanimate objects

A

Disinfection

49
Q

Apply to living tissue

A

Antisepsis

50
Q

anti infective agents that are used locally

A

Germicides

51
Q

Exhibits germicidal activity (general protoplasmic poison), caustic, local anesthetic

A

Phenol (carbolic acid)

52
Q

disinfection of water supplies and forms Hypochlorous acid (HClO) when dissolved in water

A

CHLORINE CONTAINING COMPOUNDS

53
Q

(Iodine + nonionic surfactants)

54
Q

(corrosive sublimate)

A

Mercuric Chloride

55
Q

(oldest known germicide)

56
Q

(sodium arsanilate and arsphenamine) for sleeping sickness

57
Q

(Spiritus vini rectificatus, wine spirit, Grain alcohol)

A

Alcohol, USP

58
Q

As water solubility ↓

A

potency ↓ with MW

59
Q

Most widely abused of all recreational drugs

60
Q

Forms colorless leucobase and in alkaline conditions

61
Q

poor penetrability to infected tissues and organic matter

A

OXIDIZING AGENTS

62
Q

nlt 37% of formaldehyde + methanol (retard polymerization to formic acid and paraformaldehyde)

A

Formaldehyde Solution (Formalin)

63
Q

Fermentation product from grain and many other carbs, or sulfuric acid catalyzed hydration of ethylene

64
Q

activity ↑ with MW until C8 (octanol)

A

Branching ↓ antibacterial potency

65
Q

Mechanism of Action of Formaldehyde Solution (Formalin)

A

direct, nonspecific alkylation of nucleophilic functional groups

66
Q

10% ethylene oxide + 90% CO2 (to prevent explosion)

67
Q

Mechanism of Action of OXIDIZING AGENTS

A

Oxidation (peroxides) and protein denaturation (permanganates)

68
Q

Active against G+ bacteria and many fungi; Gram negative bacteria are generally resistant

69
Q

Quaternary ammonium compounds that ionize with water and exhibit surface active properties

A

CATIONIC SURFACTANTS

70
Q

ratio of a dilution of a given test disinfectant to the solution of phenol that is required to kill a strain of S.typhi under carefully controlled time and temperature

A

phenol coefficient

71
Q

Mechanism of Action of Ethylene Oxide

A

alkylation of functional groups in nucleic acids and proteins

72
Q

As primary alcohol chain ↑, Van der Waals interactions ↑

A

ability to penetrate microbial membranes ↑

73
Q

Commercial: 95% ethanol (forms an azeotrope in water that distills at 78.2:C)

74
Q

Antidote used to treat alcoholism

A

disulfiram

75
Q

Mechanism of Action of disulfiram

A

blocks aldehyde dehydrogenase—>acetaldehyde (nausea, vomiting, flushing)

76
Q

straight chain and substitution with alkyl, aryl, and halogen

A

↑ bactericidal activity

77
Q

Used before discovery of sulfonamides and antibiotics

78
Q

Mechanism of Action of MERCURIALS

A

reaction with sulfhydryl SH) groups in enzymes and other proteins (reversible by treatment with thiol
containing compds such as cysteine and dimercaprol *BAL)

79
Q

(standard for germicides)

A

PHENOLS AND THEIR DERIVATIVES

80
Q

low concentrations : denature bacterial proteins

A

high concentrations : lysis of cell membranes

81
Q

(does not ionize readily)

A

compounds with at least one carbon mercury bond

82
Q

(ionize partially or completely)

A

mercury bonded to heteroatoms

83
Q

Why is that antibacterial activity greatly reduced in the serum?

A

because of presence of proteins that inactivate Hg compds

84
Q

promotes the conversion of hemoglobin to methemoglobin

85
Q

treat drug induced methemoglobinemia

86
Q

solutions are intended for disinfecting surgical instruments, gloves, etc. (NEVER REUSE can harbor pathogens)

A

CATIONIC SURFACTANTS

87
Q

Mechanism of Action of CATIONIC SURFACTANTS

A

adsorb onto the surface of bacterial cell, causing lysis

88
Q

inactivated by soaps and other detergents, also adsorbed on glass, talc, and kaolin to reduce action

A

CATIONIC SURFACTANTS

89
Q

tissue constituents, blood, serum, and pus tend to reduce effectiveness of these substances

A

CATIONIC SURFACTANTS

90
Q

pioneer of CATIONIC SURFACTANTS

A

Gerhard Domagk

Orgmed (10 decks)

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