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Anti-Infective Agents Flashcards

1
Q

deals with the physicochemical properties of drugs that affect its biological action

A

ORGANIC MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY

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2
Q

the practice of medicinal chemistry is devoted to the discovery and development of new drugs

A

ORGANIC MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY

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3
Q

disinfects drinking water

A

Halazone

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4
Q

(2% solution of iodine in 50% alcohol with NaI)

A

Iodine tincture

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5
Q

produces numbness when applied to tongue; ingred in lozenges

A

Hexylresorcinol

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6
Q

Used before discovery of sulfonamides and antibiotics

A

DYES

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7
Q

Antisepsis, irrigation of mucous membranes

A

Benzethonium Chloride

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8
Q

active against anaerobic bacteria, wound cleansing

A

Hydrogen Peroxide

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9
Q

Nonsporulating microorganisms (65C-100C)

A

Pasteurization

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10
Q

Completely denatured alcohol contains added methanol (wood alcohol) and benzene

A

Denatured

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11
Q

Phenol with 10% water

A

Liquefied Phenol

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12
Q

complex with the nonionic surfactant polymer, polyvinylpyrrolidone

A

Povidone Iodine (Betadine)

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13
Q

was a very popular antiseptic for skin & ocular infections

A

Nitromersol

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14
Q

Antidote for cyanide poisoning

A

Methylene Blue

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15
Q

mixture of three isomeric methylphenols; obtained from coal tar or petroleum

A

Cresol

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16
Q

Rapidly bactericidal (50% to 95%), 40% equal antiseptic power to a 60% ethanol

A

Isopropyl

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17
Q

components: glutaraldehyde and buffer

A

Glutarol/Glutaraldehyde (Cidex)

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18
Q

easily adsorbed onto skin and enters sebaceous glands (neurotoxicity)

A

Hexachlorophene

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19
Q

from clove oil; applied on cotton to relieve toothaches, ingredient in mouthwashes

A

Eugenol

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20
Q

most effective topical OTC agent for the control of acne

A

Hydrous Benzoyl Peroxide (2.5%, 5%, 10%)

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21
Q

complex of sodium salt of dodecylbenzesulfonic acid and hypochlorous acid

A

Oxychlorosene Sodium

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22
Q

used for skin infections

A

Ammoniated Mercury (white precipitate)

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23
Q

vaginal suppositories (yeast infections), topical (cutaneous candidiasis)

A

Gentian Violet (Crystal v)

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24
Q

Best antiseptic based on antibacterial effect, no systemic toxicity

A

Chlorhexidine (Bactidol)

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25
a glyceryltriacetate solution is used as wound dressing
Chloroazodin
26
(2% iodine in water with KI)
Iodine Solution
27
releases hydrogen peroxide when mixed with water
Carbamide Peroxide (urea + H2O2)
28
weak antiseptic, keratolytic
Resorcinol
29
used in combination with camphor in liquid petrolatum
p Chlorophenol
30
Used to sterilize temp sensitive medical equipment and those that could not be autoclaved
Ethylene Oxide
31
Astringent, rubefacient, refrigerant, mild local anesthetic
Rubbing (70%)
32
Reduction to a level acceptable for public health
Sanitation
33
Destruction or marked reduction in the number or activity of microorganisms
Decontamination
34
2% (shampoo), for athlete’s foot and jock itch
p Chloro-m-xylenol
35
m-cresol; from Thymus vulgaris; mild fungicidal (tinea)
Thymol
36
(5% iodine in water with KI)
Lugol’s sol’n/Strong Iodine Sol’n
37
topical bacteriostatic antiseptic
Thimerosal
38
carbol fuchsin solution (Castellani’s paint) used topically for fungal infections
Basic Fuchsin
39
General antiseptic, tx of gingivitis (Forms: lozenges, mouthwash)
Cetylpyridinum Chloride
40
preservative
Chlorocresol
41
for diaper rash (Bacterium ammoniagenes which produces NH4 in urine)
Methylbenzethonium Chloride
42
were used as antiseptic
Mercurous Chloride (calomel)
43
Detergent, emulsifier, wetting agt, antiseptic, preservative (+Na nitrate)
Benzalkonium Chloride
44
nlt 99% ethanol; obtained by azeotropic distillation
Dehydrated/Absolute
45
Kills all types including spores
Sterilization
46
introduced phenol (carbolic acid)
Joseph Lister
47
Salvarsan (compound 606), Selective toxicity
Paul Ehrlich
48
On inanimate objects
Disinfection
49
Apply to living tissue
Antisepsis
50
anti infective agents that are used locally
Germicides
51
Exhibits germicidal activity (general protoplasmic poison), caustic, local anesthetic
Phenol (carbolic acid)
52
disinfection of water supplies and forms Hypochlorous acid (HClO) when dissolved in water
CHLORINE CONTAINING COMPOUNDS
53
(Iodine + nonionic surfactants)
Iodophors
54
(corrosive sublimate)
Mercuric Chloride
55
(oldest known germicide)
Iodine
56
(sodium arsanilate and arsphenamine) for sleeping sickness
Atoxyl
57
(Spiritus vini rectificatus, wine spirit, Grain alcohol)
Alcohol, USP
58
As water solubility ↓
potency ↓ with MW
59
Most widely abused of all recreational drugs
Alcohol
60
Forms colorless leucobase and in alkaline conditions
DYES
61
poor penetrability to infected tissues and organic matter
OXIDIZING AGENTS
62
nlt 37% of formaldehyde + methanol (retard polymerization to formic acid and paraformaldehyde)
Formaldehyde Solution (Formalin)
63
Fermentation product from grain and many other carbs, or sulfuric acid catalyzed hydration of ethylene
Alcohol
64
activity ↑ with MW until C8 (octanol)
Branching ↓ antibacterial potency
65
Mechanism of Action of Formaldehyde Solution (Formalin)
direct, nonspecific alkylation of nucleophilic functional groups
66
10% ethylene oxide + 90% CO2 (to prevent explosion)
Carboxide
67
Mechanism of Action of OXIDIZING AGENTS
Oxidation (peroxides) and protein denaturation (permanganates)
68
Active against G+ bacteria and many fungi; Gram negative bacteria are generally resistant
DYES
69
Quaternary ammonium compounds that ionize with water and exhibit surface active properties
CATIONIC SURFACTANTS
70
ratio of a dilution of a given test disinfectant to the solution of phenol that is required to kill a strain of S.typhi under carefully controlled time and temperature
phenol coefficient
71
Mechanism of Action of Ethylene Oxide
alkylation of functional groups in nucleic acids and proteins
72
As primary alcohol chain ↑, Van der Waals interactions ↑
ability to penetrate microbial membranes ↑
73
Commercial: 95% ethanol (forms an azeotrope in water that distills at 78.2:C)
Alcohol
74
Antidote used to treat alcoholism
disulfiram
75
Mechanism of Action of disulfiram
blocks aldehyde dehydrogenase--->acetaldehyde (nausea, vomiting, flushing)
76
straight chain and substitution with alkyl, aryl, and halogen
↑ bactericidal activity
77
Used before discovery of sulfonamides and antibiotics
DYES
78
Mechanism of Action of MERCURIALS
reaction with sulfhydryl SH) groups in enzymes and other proteins (reversible by treatment with thiol containing compds such as cysteine and dimercaprol *BAL)
79
(standard for germicides)
PHENOLS AND THEIR DERIVATIVES
80
low concentrations : denature bacterial proteins
high concentrations : lysis of cell membranes
81
(does not ionize readily)
compounds with at least one carbon mercury bond
82
(ionize partially or completely)
mercury bonded to heteroatoms
83
Why is that antibacterial activity greatly reduced in the serum?
because of presence of proteins that inactivate Hg compds
84
promotes the conversion of hemoglobin to methemoglobin
High conc
85
treat drug induced methemoglobinemia
Low conc
86
solutions are intended for disinfecting surgical instruments, gloves, etc. (NEVER REUSE can harbor pathogens)
CATIONIC SURFACTANTS
87
Mechanism of Action of CATIONIC SURFACTANTS
adsorb onto the surface of bacterial cell, causing lysis
88
inactivated by soaps and other detergents, also adsorbed on glass, talc, and kaolin to reduce action
CATIONIC SURFACTANTS
89
tissue constituents, blood, serum, and pus tend to reduce effectiveness of these substances
CATIONIC SURFACTANTS
90
pioneer of CATIONIC SURFACTANTS
Gerhard Domagk

Orgmed (10 decks)

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