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X - Cardio - Pharmacology > Anti-hypertensive drugs - Overview > Flashcards

Anti-hypertensive drugs - Overview Flashcards

1
Q

Which pharmacologic agents are used to treat essential hypertension?

A
  • Diuretics
  • Calcium channel blockers
  • Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors
  • Angiotensin II receptor blocks
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2
Q

First-line drug for essential hypertension

A

Hydrochlorothiazide

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3
Q

α-blockers used as antihypertensives

A
  • Doxazosin
  • Prazosin
  • Terazosin
  • Summary:*
  • All ‘ozins’ except Tamsulosin
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4
Q

MOA of beta-blockers as antihypertensive

A
  • ↓ CO
  • ↓ renin secretion (due to β1-receptor blockade on JGA cells)
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5
Q

Which pharmacologic agents are used to treat hypertension in patients with congestive heart failure?

A
  • Diuretics
  • Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors
  • Angiotensin II receptor blocks
  • β-blockers (in compensated congested heart failure only)
  • Potassium-sparing diuretics
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6
Q

Must be used cautiously in decompensated HF and are contraindicated in cardiogenic shock

A

β-blockers

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7
Q

Which pharmacologic agents are used to treat hypertension in patients with diabetes mellitus?

A
  • Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors/angiotensin II receptor blocks
  • Calcium-channel blockers
  • Diuretics
  • β-blockers
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8
Q

Drugs protective against diabetic nephropathy

A

ACE inhibitors/ARBs

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9
Q

Why are angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors especially important in patients with diabetes mellitus?

A

They have been shown to delay progression to diabetic nephropathy

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10
Q

Drugs used in hypertension in pregnancy

A

Hydralazine, labetalol, methyldopa, nifedipine

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11
Q

Drugs contraindicated in bilateral renal artery stenosis

A

ACE Inhibitor (Captopril)

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12
Q

Drug used in hypertension with co-morbid BPH

A

Prazosin/Tamsulosin

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13
Q

Side effect of this drug is (+) Coomb’s hemolytic anemia

A

Methyldopa

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14
Q

Side effect of this drug is reflex tachycardia, drug-induced lupus

A

Hydralazine

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15
Q

Side effect of this drug is hypertrichosis

A

Minoxidil

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16
Q

Side effect of this drug is cyanide poisoning

A

Nitroprusside

17
Q

Side effect of this drugs is flushing, edema, gingival hyperplasia

A

Calcium channel blockers such as nifedipine

Memory aid:

  • Chewing gum!
    • C - Calcium channel blockers such as Nifedipine
    • C - Calcineurin inhibitors such as Cyclosporin
    • C - antiConvulsants such as Phenytoin
    • G - Gingival hyperplasia
18
Q

Why do patients taking nitrates usually experience throbbing headaches?

A

Meningeal artery vasodilation

19
Q

In which case of HTN are beta-blockers used with caution?

A
  • used cautiously in decompensated HF
  • contraindicated in cardiogenic shock
20
Q

What two agents are first-line therapies for hypertension in pregnancy?

A

Hydralazine with methyldopa

21
Q

What is the mechanism of action of minoxidil?

A

Minoxidil opens potassium channels on the cell membrane, which causes hyperpolarization and subsequent relaxation of vascular smooth muscle

22
Q

What are the toxicities of minoxidil?

A
  • Hypertrichosis
  • Reflex tachycardia
  • Angina
  • Salt retention
  • Pericardial effusion
23
Q

A 60-year-old man with severe hypertension presents with complaints of increased hair growth and new chest pain. Toxicity of which antihypertensive drug is most likely causing these symptoms?

A

Minoxidil

24
Q

A patient is started on antihypertensive therapy. One week later he returns complaining of swollen ankles and flushed skin. Which class of medication was he likely prescribed?

A

Calcium channel blockers

25
Q

Name three medications indicated to treat malignant hypertension

A

Nitroprusside, fenoldopam, and diazoxide

26
Q

Nitroprusside MOA

A

Increases cGMP via direct release of NO

27
Q

Nitroprusside is a _____ (short/long) -acting dru

A

Short

28
Q

Fenoldopam is an agonist of which receptor?

A

Fenoldopam is an agonist of which receptor?

29
Q

Diazoxide causes relaxation of vascular smooth muscle by opening which membrane channel?

A

Potassium

30
Q

Name an adverse effect of diazoxide

A

Hyperglycemia, secondary to a reduction in insulin release

31
Q

Can cause cyanide toxicity (releases cyanide)

A

Nitroprusside

X - Cardio - Pharmacology (11 decks)

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