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Pharm > anti-helminthic drugs > Flashcards

anti-helminthic drugs Flashcards

1
Q

what are the anti-helminthic drugs

A 
mebendazole
albendazole
pyrantel pamoate
diethylcarbamizine
ivermectin
praziquentel
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2
Q

drugs that are used for GI infections are characterized by:

A

designed to be poorly absorbed by the GI tract to reduce possible systemic toxicity to host

toxicity is usually confined to localized irritation of the GI tract
primary excretion is through the feces

stimulate mass migration of the works in the GI tract causing intestinal or bile duct obstruction that may surgical intervention

a purge may be necessarily adminstered with anti-helminthic in order to flush the work from the GI tract

if they aren’t rapidly flushed, the partially digested female works can invade the intestinal wall and develop larvae (cystercosis)

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3
Q

what are the three categories of parasitic worm infections

A

tape worms (cestodes)

flukes (trematodes)

nematodes (round worms)

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4
Q

the four cestode organisms are:

A 
taenia solium (pork tape worm)
taenia saginata (beef tapeworm)
hymenolepis nana (dwarf tapeworm)
diphyllobothrium latum (fish tape worm)

beef and pork widespread
fish mostly in europe
dwarfm more prevalent in tropical climates

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5
Q

what drugs are used to treat tapeworm infections

A

praziquantel

albendazole is drug of choice for cyst larvae of T solium

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6
Q

the three blood flukes (trematodes) are

A 
schistosoma haematobium (africa)
schistosoma mansoni (africa, america)
schistosoma japonicum (far east)
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7
Q

the liver flukes are -

trematodes

A

clonorchis sinesis
- encysted larvae from raw fish

inflammation and deformation of bile duct, hepatitis, anemia, edema

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8
Q

the lung flukes are

trematodes

A

paragonimus westermani
- encysted larvae in crab meat
cough (dry, rusty brown sputum)
pulmonary pain, pleurisy

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9
Q

the drug of choice against schistosomaisis (trematodes)

A

praziquantel

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10
Q

the nematodes that infest the GI tract are

A 
ascaris lumbricoides
trichuris trichiura (whip worm)
nector americanus, ancyclostoma duodenal (hook worms)
strongyloides stercoralis (threadworm)
enterobuius vermicularis (pinworm)
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11
Q

the nematodes that cause systemic infection are

A

trichinella spiralis
wuchereria bancrofti
onchocerca volvulus

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12
Q

found in warm climates of southern us

lower SES have high incidence due to poor sanitation

A

ascarius lumbricoides

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13
Q

cause daily blood loss and resulting iron deficiency and anemia
new world - most common in americas, central and southern africa, southern asia, indonesia, australia, pacific islands
old world - dom species in mediterranean region and northern asia
hookworms

A 
necator americanus (new world)
ancyclostoma duodenale (old)
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14
Q

found in warm humid climates world wide
infection more common in children and found where infection and ascaris and hook worm can occur
obstruction of appendix may occur in seriously infected patients
whipworm

A

trichuris trichiura

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15
Q

found in southern parts of US
occasionally found in mines and caves
thread worm

A

strongyloides stercoralis

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16
Q

most common worm infestation of children in US
no SES or geographical barriers
pinworm or seat worm

A

enterobius (oxyuris) vermicularis

17
Q

infects 1-4 percent of US population
due to eating raw or undercooked pork containing encysted larvae
nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, ab pain, headache, muscle pain
tachycardia, vascular thrombosis, mental apaty, delirium, coma

A

trichinella spiralis

18
Q

systemic infection to lymphatics, brain, eye
rarely in US, more common in Med region, south pacific, africa
lymphadenitis due to inflam response to the parasite lodged in lymphatic channels and tissue
as worm dies, reaction continues and produces granuloma –> lymph edema, elephantiasis

A

wuchereria bancrofti

19
Q

infects eye, skin, lymphatics,
nodular lesions
photophobia, lacrimation, blindness

A

onchocerca volvulus

20
Q

drug of choice for t. trichuria (gi nematode)

A

mebendazole

21
Q

drug of choice for cysticercosis due to T solium

A

albendazole

22
Q

drugs that treat GI nematodes

A

mebendaozle * choice
albendazole
pyrantel pamoate

23
Q

drug of choice for e vermicularis (pinworm, GI nematode)

A

pyrantel pamoate

24
Q

what drugs treat systemic namtodes

A

diethylcarbamazine

ivermectin

25
Q

which drug treats systemic nematodes and also s stercoralis (GI nematode)

A

ivermectin

26
Q

mebendazole, albendazole - mechanism

A

inhibits glucose uptake and uncouples oxphos

causes immobilization, death, and expulsion from the GI tract

27
Q

mebendazole - use

A

broad spectrum - GI nematodes

drug of choice for t. trichiura

28
Q

albendazole - use

A

absorption is enhanced with fatty food
braod spectrum for Gi nematodes
drug of choice for cysticercosis due to T solium
not effective against larvae in tissues of T spiralis (systemic nem) but is effective against GI phase

29
Q

pyrantel pamoate - mechanism

A

depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent
causes persistant activation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors
results in worm paralysis and removal by gut peristalsis

30
Q

pyrantel pamoate - uses

A

drug of choice for E vermicularis (GI nem)

not as effective for other nematode infections

31
Q

praziquantel - mechanism

A

increases parasite permeability to Ca2+
causes severe muscle contractions
directly kills adult schistasomes
dislodges cestodes from their usual sites of attachment in the intestine

32
Q

praziquantel - uses

A

broad spectrum - schistomaniasis and cestodes in the GI tract
(effective but not the drug of choice for cyst larvae of T solium)

metabolized by p450
containdicated in patients with ocular cysticercosis due to eye damaging host response

33
Q

praziquantel - drug interactions

A

macrolides and HIV proteases increases praziquantel concentration in serum

34
Q

diethylcarbamazine - mechainsm

A

sensitizes worms to phagocytosis by macrophages

35
Q

diethylcarbazine - uses

A

systemic nematodes (w bancrofti, o volvulus)

36
Q

diethylcarbazine - toxicity

A

mazzottis reaction

37
Q

ivermectin - mechanism

A

opens chloride channels (glutamate and GABA gated channels) in invertebrates causing paralysis of muscles (mammalian muscles dont have these channels)

38
Q

ivermectin - use

A 
w bancrofti 
o volvulus (systemic

s stercoralis (gi nematode)

Pharm (11 decks)

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