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MSU > Anthropology > Flashcards

Anthropology Flashcards

1
Q

What is Cross-Cultural Communication?

A

a field of study observing how people from different cultural backgrounds communicate, in similar and different ways amongst themselves, and how they communicate across cultures.

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2
Q

Cultural Relativism

A

principle regarding beliefs, values, and practices of a culture from the viewpoint of that culture itself.

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3
Q

Language

A

method of human communication, spoken, written, use of words in a structured conventional way.

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4
Q

Ethnocentrism

A

evaluating someone else’s culture from the viewpoint of your own culture

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5
Q

Prescriptive Linguistics

A

seeks to define a standard language as its actually spoken

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6
Q

Morphology

A

The study of the forms of things

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7
Q

International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)

A

accurately and uniquely represents each of the wide variety of sounds used in spoken human language.

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8
Q

Manner of Articulation

A

Manner of Articulation- a configuration and interaction of the articulators (tongue, lips, and palate) when making a speech sound.

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9
Q

Descriptive Linguistic

A

attempts to describe the structure of how language is to be spoken

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10
Q

Phonology

A

study of speech sounds

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11
Q

Syntax

A

How words combine to form phrases and sentences

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12
Q

Place of Articulation (Mouth)

A

the point of contact where obstruction occurs in the vocal tract between an articulatory gesture, an active articulator, and a passive location.

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13
Q

Phoneme

A

any of the perceptually distinct units of sound in a specified language that distinguish one word from another.

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14
Q

Morpheme

A

being able to break down a word into other words that are meaningful Example: Unladylike has 3 morphemes Un, Lady, and Like.

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15
Q

VSO language

A

when most typical sentences arrange their elements in an order such as “ate Sam oranges” instead of “Sam ate oranges” Verb-subject-object. Third most common word order.

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16
Q

SVO

A

type of language that has basic subject-verb-object word order. English, Spanish, Chinese

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17
Q

SOV

A

type of language that has basic subject-object-verb order. Turkish, Japanese, Tamil

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18
Q

Paralinguistic features (Examples)

A

vocal effects we can employ when we speak “Tone of voice” Examples: Stress, pitch, rhythm, volume, length, pacing, pausing, and silence

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19
Q

Prosodic features (Examples)-

A

describes variations in pitch, loudness, tempo, and rhythm. Involved in intonation, stress, and rhythm.

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20
Q

Pacing

A

the speed in which somebody speaks. Speaking quickly then slowing down can emphasize on what is being said.

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21
Q

Pausing

A

break or rest in speaking to emphasize meaning, grammatical relation, or metrical division.

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22
Q

Non-verbal communication

A

communication without the use of spoken language. Gestures, facial expressions, and body positions. Unspoken understandings, presuppositions, and cultural environmental conditions affecting an encounter between people.

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23
Q

Kinesics

A

non-verbal behaviors that require movement of the body or the body as a whole. Examples: gesture, facial expression, eye contact, posture, etc.

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24
Q

Language Structure

A

Rules that govern how languages are put together

25
Q

Proxemics (Think Proximity)

A

branch of knowledge dealing with the amount of space people feel necessary to set between themselves and others. (Personal space)

26
Q

Intonation patterns

A

Pitch patterns used when we speak conveying some sort of meaning. For example: Falling intonation starts high and ends low “she wants a sOda” Rising intonation starts high and ends high “is this a good deciSIon?

27
Q

New York Jewish Conversational Style

A

Is seen as rude and disrespectful, but in reality that is not the intention of a NYJCS speaker. The reason they use overlapping and loud tones, pitches, etc. is because they are expressing their involvement in the conversation and are trying to add to the conversation while showing interest.

28
Q

Conversational Devices

A

pitch, body language, tone, overlapping, pacing, etc..

29
Q

Latching

A

two utterances that follow one another without a pause

30
Q

Overlap

A

talking over someone to add interest or express interest in the conversation. Many who do not use overlapping while speaking view it as rude and disrespectful.

31
Q

What kinds of topics, genres, pacing, and expressive paralinguistic are associated with NYJCS?-

A

exciting and over exaggerated topics and genres, fact paced, enthusiastic, over lapping, fast shifting, persistent.

32
Q

Stereotyping

A

simplified descriptions of a group of people based upon a contrast between that group and one’s own group

33
Q

Anthropological concept of culture

A

totality of the humanly created world, no such thing as a culture and no such thing as language.

34
Q

Hopi vs English conceptions of time

A

Hopi has no tenses, English has tenses, English focuses on past present and future, Hopi focuses on manner or duration of an event.

35
Q

Binary Oppositions

A

a pair of related terms or concepts that are opposite in meaning. Example: Men vs. Women, they are related but are opposites. On vs. Off both are related but opposite, something cannot be on and off at the same time.

36
Q

World View

A

culture is not just found in people’s symbolic systems or how they think, but it is also found in the practice of speaking and interacting with others.

37
Q

Whorf-Sapir Hypthesis

A

The language we speak shapes our world view

38
Q

Language vs. dialect

A

Language- a method of human communication

Dialect- mutually intelligible forms of a language that differ in systematic ways from one another

39
Q

Linguistic variety

A

Political and Social reasons for labeling something a language or a dialect

40
Q

Code Switching

A

Alternating between two or more languages in a conversation

41
Q

Sociolinguistic Variation

A

Studies how language varies and changes in speech communities based on gender, ethnicity, age, etc.

42
Q

Northern Cities Chain Shift (NCCS) (Midwest)

A

Shift in pronunciation of vowels taking place in large parts of the Midwest.

43
Q

Standard vs. Non-Standard Dialects-

A

Standard Dialect- greatest prestige value in society used by political leaders and upper socio-economic classes.
Non-Standard Dialect- Less correct and proper, varieties are fully efficient forms of language with their own unique set of grammatical rules that are consistently applied.

44
Q

Criterion of Mutual Intelligibility

A

if you can understand someone else you are speaking he same language

45
Q

Verbal Repertoire

A

Totality of linguistic forms or language varieties regularly employed within a community

46
Q

Speech Community

A

group of speakers who share something about the way they speak, but not EVERYTHING!

47
Q

Rhocity

A

Rhotic speakers pronounce consonant /r/, whereas non-rhotic speakers pronounce /r/ only before or between vowels. For example: Rhotic speakers would say “hard” or “butter” normally. Non-rhotic speakers drop the /r/ and would pronounce “Haud” or “Butta”

48
Q

Social identity

A

range of social persona including social status, roles, positions, relationships, and institutional or other.

49
Q

Standard American English (SAE)

A

modeled on written language, speakers incorporate more standard variants into their speech in formal, institutional contexts, tends to be marked as “white”

50
Q

Performing social identity with communicative interaction

A

depends on knowing which language varieties are associated with which specific social identities in society. Status, roles, positions, relationships, institutional, etc.

51
Q

Language attitudes

A

passing judgment on different language related ideas and practices.

52
Q

Pipporras

A

Recent immigrants from Mexico’s countryside. A person who is from a ranch, listens to banda music and raises cows and goats for a living

53
Q

Latina Jocks

A

Considered as Euro-American values, popular, athletic, acceptable to teachers, good girl,

54
Q

Fresas (Strawberry Girls)

A

Mexican Spanish slang for a young person from the urban, middle-class, and European-desent elite

55
Q

Norte vs. Sur

A

North vs. South- Basically bloods and crips, red vs. blue gangs. Nortenos and Surenos

56
Q

Clowning

A

behaving in a comical way or playfully with someone who is close to you such as a friend. Clowning can also seem weird or rude to outsiders who do not understand your friendship.

57
Q

Language ideologie

A

Deeper underlying cultural beliefs about language and language variation.

58
Q

Chicano English

A

a mixing of Spanish and English languages (Spanglish)

59
Q

Interlocutors

A

a person who takes part in a dialogue or conversation

MSU (10 decks)

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