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selective toxicity > Anthelmintics > Flashcards

Anthelmintics Flashcards

1
Q

What has a prevalence of 1000mil

And A funding of

A

Ascariasis

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2
Q

Schistosomiasis
What does it do
What is its prevalence and funding

A

Adults live in mesoteric blood vessels
Eggs go to the bladder and are released into water
Larve barrow into snail, sticking their tail out
Swimmers catch these larve
They barrow through the skin
Prevalence - 200m funding - 3m

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3
Q

Pathophysiology of helminths infection

What are the 3 methods

A

Presence of adult - blocking gut
Migration of the larvae- causes symptoms of neumonia
Allergic reaction

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4
Q

Tapeworm

What do they do

A

Intermediate host are cattle/ pigs
Eating uncooked meat
Which have larvae encysted in the animals tissue

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5
Q

Roundworm

What do they do

A

Uncooked meat
Larvae oenetrates the skin
Causes blood loss in intestinak areas
Causing anemia

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6
Q

Flukes

What does it cause

A

Schistosomiasis

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7
Q

Flukes

What do they do

A

Both sex adults live and mate in blood vessels of the bladder or gut wall
Females lay eggs that pass into blad/gut
Produces inflammatory response
Resulting in haematuria, loss of blood in faeces
Eggs hatch in water
Enter 2nd host (specific species of snail)
After a period of development in host free swimming cercariae emerge
Penetratung human skin

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8
Q

River blindness

What does it do

A

Black flies in fast funning water
Adults live in connective tissue and lymphatics
Produce live microfilaries
Find their way into bloodstream
Ingested by mosquito
In 2ndary host larves pass to mouth of mosquito and is injected into humans

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9
Q

Anthelmithic drugs how do they work

A

Either by paralysing or damage to worm so immune system works or by altering metabolism
Only effective against 1 type as metabolic requirements of paracites vary for each drug
Must be able to penetrate tough exteriour cuticles and access its alimentary tract

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10
Q

What do helmiths contain

A

Active drug efflux pumps that reduce the conc. Of the drug in the paracite

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11
Q

Benzimidazoles

What does it inhibit

A

Inhibits polymerisation of beta-tubulin

Interfering with microtubule dependant function such as glucose uptake

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12
Q

What inhibits polymerisation of beta tubulin

A

Benzimidazole

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13
Q

Whats benzimidazoles selective toxicity

A

250 - 400x more effective in helminth then mammals

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14
Q

Whats benzimidazoles dis

A

Effects take time to develop

Worm may not be expelled for several days

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15
Q

Mebendazole

What is it used for a other facts

A

Single dose for threadworm, twice daily for hook worm
Only 10% absorbed - fatty meals increase this
Rapidly metabolised

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16
Q

Dis for mebendazole

A

Gi disturbances

17
Q

Praziquantel what is it affective against

A

Schistosomiasis (mature and immature forms)

18
Q

What is a drug used against schistosomisis

A

Praziquantel

19
Q

What does praziquantel do

A

Drug disrupts ca2+ homeostasis
By binding to consensus PKC- binding site in beta- subunit of schistosome VGCa channel
Induces influx of ions
, a rapid and prolonged contraction of musculature
Disrupts tegment, unmasking novel antigens

20
Q

Side effects of praziquantel

A

Safe for pregnant women

Heavy worm load - deaths of worms

21
Q

Ascariasis
What does it do and
what is its prevalence and funding

A 
1/4 mill eggs produced in human feaces 
Feaces used as fertiliser
Eggs infect crops
Prevalence - 1000 mil 
Funding -
22
Q

Piperazine

What does it treat

A

Treats roundworm

23
Q

What does piperazine do

A

Reversibly inhibits nmj
Probably my mimicing GABA
At GABA gated chloride channels in nematode muscle

24
Q

What does piperazine do to the worm

A

Paralysed worm are expelled alive by normal intestinal peristaltic movement
With a laxative such as senna

25
Q

Unwanted effects of piperazine

A

Gi disterbances
Bronchospasm
Should not be given to pregant women
Or those with renal and hepatic failure

26
Q

Niclosamide what does it treat

And with combo

A

Tapeworm

With praziquantel

27
Q

What does niclosamide do

A

The head if the worm and proximal segment are irreversibly damaged by the drug
Such that worm seporate from the intestinal wall and is expelled

28
Q

Selective toxicity of niclosamide

A

Negligable absorbance of drug in gi

29
Q

What are the unwanted effects of niclosamide

A

Nausea
Vomiting
Light headedness

30
Q

Levamisole what is it used against

A

Roundworm

31
Q

What is the moa of levamisole

A

Nicotine like action
Stimulates and subsequently blocks the nmj
Paralyses worm and is expelled in faeces
But ova are not killed
Single does therapy
Crosses bbb

32
Q

Unwanted effects of levamisole

A

Mild gi disturbance

selective toxicity (9 decks)

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