antarctica protection

Question 1

who monitors the concepts of resilience, adaptation and mitigation?

Answer 1

SCAR

scientific committee of antarctic research

Question 2

what is ecosystem resilience/

Answer 2

the ability of an ecosystem to recover from a severe disturbance by resisting damage and returning to an equilibrium position

Question 3

how can plants be resilient?

Answer 3

it may be linked to adaptation and their ability to bounce back from severe changes in the environment t

Question 4

what are endemic species?

Answer 4

species that only live in one particular place

Question 5

how does mitigation take place

Answer 5

through human intervention to eliminate or reduce risks and hazards

Question 6

what is the main body of governance for antarctic?

Answer 6

the antarctica treaty system

Question 7

who signed the treaty in 1959?

Answer 7

12 countries including uk and new zealand

Question 8

what did the ATS grant?

Answer 8

free access and research rights so that countries could work together for common causes of scientific research and exchange ideas

Question 9

what are regulations put forward by the ATS?

Answer 9

• that antarctica should be used only be used exclusively for peaceful purposes, military uses are prohibited
• guarantees free scientific research
• prohibits nuclear explosions and testing
• parties must give advance notice of research and expeditions

Question 10

what is significant about the ATS?

Answer 10

since 1961 it has been recognised as one of the most successful international agreements

Question 11

what is the ATCM?

Answer 11

the annual antarctica treaty consultive meetings in which the system is governed and disputes are spoken of

Question 12

why is the antarctica treaty now a system?

Answer 12

it has evolved to contain a number of complex components

Question 13

what other agreements are now included in the ATS?

Answer 13

• madrid protocol

- conservation of antarctica seals

Question 14

why has membership of the ATS continued to grow?

Answer 14

as it states that any member of the UN can request to join

Question 15

what are consultative parties in the ATS?

Answer 15

they are original signatories or parties that carry out substantial research
28 in total

Question 16

how many signatures does the ATS now have?

Answer 16

46

Question 17

when was the madrid protocol signed?

Answer 17

in 1991

Question 18

what is the point in the MP?

Answer 18

to give extra protection in antarctic and to especially protect against mineral exploitation

Question 19

what was proposed in 1988 linked with minerals?

Answer 19

the antarctica mineral convention which proposed that mineral extraction might be possible but it never went ahead
(madrid protocol protects against this idea)

Question 20

who refused the antarctica mineral convention and what did this lead to?

Answer 20

france and australia and lead to the MP

Question 21

what doe the MP designate antarctica as?

Answer 21

a natural reserve devoted to peace and science

Question 22

what does the MP prohibit?

Answer 22

-mining or mineral exploitation

Question 23

what does the MP state about waste?

Answer 23

that any waste produced must be sent back to the country of origin

Question 24

how can the prohibition of mining in antarctica be changed MP?

Answer 24

if all members agree to modify the protocol

Question 25

when will the next review of mining prohibition take place MP?

Answer 25

inn fifty years

Question 26

what % of parties have to agree in order for mining ban to be lifted in the MP?

Answer 26

75%

Question 27

what is the IWC?

Answer 27

the international whaling committee

a global body responsible for the conservation and management of whaling

Question 28

when was the IWC established

Answer 28

1946

Question 29

what did the IWC lead to?

Answer 29

an end to whaling by 1988

Question 30

what measures are in place in the IWC?

Answer 30

• complete protect for certain whale species
• designated areas for whale sanctuaries
• limits on number of whales taken
• prohibits the capture of females with calves

Question 31

what is the international whaling moratorium?

Answer 31

this was put in place by the IWC between 1985 in which commercial whaling was prohibited temporarily, it is still in place today
it does not include aboriginals

Question 32

who ignores the the moratorium?

Answer 32

iceland - limits
japan - use for research
norway

Question 33

what is the ASOC?

Answer 33

the antarctic and southern oceanic coalition

Question 34

who is part of the ASOC?

Answer 34

over 30 different NGOs in order to increase the influence of protection of antarctica

Question 35

who is part of the ASOC?

Answer 35

greenpeace and WWF

Question 36

why was the ASOC made?

Answer 36

in response to the antarctica mineral convention

Question 37

what have been accomplishments made by the ASOC?

Answer 37

• development of the madrid protocol

- objections to the antarctica mineral convention

Question 38

what happened in 1991 to the ASOC?

Answer 38

they were granted observer status by the ATS and are now able to attend meetings

Question 39

what do ASOC currently focus on?

Answer 39

• regulating tourism
• managing fisheries
• monitor implementaion of madrid protocol

Question 40

what is significant about ASOC?

Answer 40

they are the only NGO group that work full time in the preservation of antarctica

Question 41

what does SCAR do?

Answer 41

they initiate, develop and coordinate scientific research in antarctica

Question 42

why does the SCAR take on a more holistic approach to the protection of antarctica>

Answer 42

it consider it as part of the earths system