Antarctica Flashcards

1
Q

What % is covered by an inland ice sheet

A

98% holding 90% world’s freshwater

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2
Q

Two main ice shelves

A

Filchner-Ronne between Peninsula and East rapidly shrinking, Ross between West and East is world’s largest and acts as a stabiliser but one part melting 10x faster

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3
Q

Prominent mountain range

A

Ellsworth Mountains have Mt Vinson, highest on continent

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4
Q

Dry valleys

A

Only part without ice, katabatic winds, similar to Mars, cyanobacteria, McMurdo research station

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5
Q

Food web

A

Very small and vulnerable, krill keystone species

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6
Q

Position

A

Beyond 60 degrees S latitude, circumpolar Southern ocean

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7
Q

Peninsula

A

An extension of the Andes mountains with active volcanoes, 5 most active on Ross island

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8
Q

History with humans

A

Major British role: Cook first circumnavigator, Scott and Shackleton investigated

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9
Q

Research stations

A

McMurdo (dry valleys), Volstok (coldest ever -89C), South pole (1235km inland), 18 countries operate year round

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10
Q

Southern Ocean

A

Current drives rest

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11
Q

Antarctic Convergence Zone

A

40km, Subarctic and Southern Ocean meet, massive biodiversity

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12
Q

REMA map

A

Best mapped continent, 8ft accuracy, polar orbiting satellites

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13
Q

Antarctic Research Programme

A

1957/8, 12 countries who made claims on Antarctica, led to permanent research stations, treaty foundations

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14
Q

Antarctic Treaty

A

1959, 54 nations, establishes region as one of peace and science, doesn’t acknowledge claims, no military activity, only substantial scientific activity can join, oversights of environment, tourism, mineral exploitation

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15
Q

Agreed Measures for the Conservation of Antarctic Flora and Fauna

A

1964, PEP strengthened and regulated against non-native species introduction

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16
Q

Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Seals

A

1972, prevents killing Ross and Antarctic fur seals, PEP diversified species

17
Q

Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources

A

1982, ensures ecosystem approach in commercial fishing, depleted stocks

18
Q

Convention on the Regulation of Antarctic Mineral Resource Activities

A

1988, suggested mining if all agreed, Greenpeace protests, Australia withdrew, first major ATS threat

19
Q

Protocol on Environmental Protection

A

1991, natural reserve devoted to peace and science, mineral resource activity ban to 2048, Environmental Impact Assessment, permits to enter ASPAs (not ASMAs but still management plans), prevented marine pollution e.g. oil spill contingency plans, waste management e.g. no open burning

20
Q

United Nations Convention of the Law of the Sea

A

1982, management of other global commons impacts

21
Q

International Whaling Moratorium

A

1982, ban on all commercial whaling, UN enforced with Japan

22
Q

ASOC

A

Formed by 30 NGOs in response to CRAMRA, now 150, only envmtal NGO invited to ATS meetings, calls to further reduce Polar Code emissions, advocates to protect e.g. S Ocean Marine Protected Areas network

23
Q

IWC

A

1946 establishment before ATS so may be enough, 88 members, 50km2 Southern Ocean Whale Sanctuary, provide funds, set catch limits, work with SCAR

24
Q

IAATO

A

100+ members, little other management, lighter grade oil for large ships, limit size and number of ships landed, involve tourists e.g. Happy Whale, Lindblad plan

25
Q

SCAR

A

Created 1958 to develop and coordinate international scientific research, UNFCCC advisory body, attends ATS meetings, developed CCAS

26
Q

UN Envmt Programme

A

Established 1972 to provide leadership and cooperation in envmtal care, v little other UN action, attended ATS meetings and contributed to reports but little else, indirect impact with climate change work