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Pharmacology > ANS & NMJ > Flashcards

ANS & NMJ Flashcards

1
Q

What NTs are used in the ANS

A

ACh and noradrenaline

ACh => cholinergic neurotransmission

NA => noradrenergic neurotransmission

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2
Q

What NT is used at the neuromuscular junction

A

ACh

=> cholinergic neurotransmission

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3
Q

What does cholinergic neurotransmission at the NMJ permit

A

Voluntary skeletal muscle contraction

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4
Q

Breakdown of nervous system

A
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5
Q

In the ANS, name the NTs used

A

PS & S neurons use cholinergic and noradrenergic NT to produce their effects

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6
Q

Function of the ANS

A

Conveys all the outputs from the CNS to the rest of the body (except for the somatic motor innervation of the skeletal muscle)

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7
Q

Name the main processes regulated by the ANS

A

Heartbeat

Contraction and relaxation of SM

Hormonal (endocrine) and glandular (exocrine) secretions

Energy metabolism

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8
Q

Where are the ganglia located in the sympathetic nervous system

A

Alongside the vertebrae - PARAVERTEBRAL SYMPATHETIC CHAIN

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9
Q

Where are the ganglia located in the PS nervous system

A

Ganglia are located adjacent to or within the target

Longer pre-ganglionic fibres

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10
Q

What structures in the body only have a sympathetic innervation

A

BVs

Adrenal medulla

Sweat glands

Kidney

Liver

Spleen

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11
Q

Sympathetic NS

A

Fight or flight

Prepares body for activity

Operates under normal conditions to maintain homeostatic tone

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12
Q

PNS

A

Rest and digest

Acts to conserve energy

Operates under normal condition to maintain homeostatic tone

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13
Q

Overview of physiology of ANS

A
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14
Q

Within the sympathetic nervous system, differentiate between the NTs released in preganglionic vs postganglionic neurons

What is the exception to this rule

A

Preganglionic - cholinergic (ACh)

Postganglionic - noradrenergic (NA)

EXCEPT for sympathetic innervation of sweat glands - the postganglionic neuron uses ACh

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15
Q

Differentiate between adrenaline and NA

A

NA is a precursor of adrenaline

Noradrenaline is a NT that is delivered from the nerve terminal

Adrenaline is delivered by blood

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16
Q

Receptors of ACh in SNS

A

nicotinic receptors

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17
Q

Receptors of NA in SNS

A

alpha or beta adrenoceptors

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18
Q

Differentiate between preganglionic and postganglionic neurons in the PSNS

A

Preganglionic => cholinergic

Postganglionic => cholinergic

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19
Q

What receptors does ACh act via at:

  1. PS ganglia
  2. PS targets
A
  1. Nicotinic receptors
  2. Muscarinic receptors
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20
Q

Summary of ANS and NMJ

A
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21
Q

Main ways to enhance NT

A

Use agonists to mimic NT

Inhibit enzymes that metabolise NT

Inhibit transporters responsible for taking NT out of synapse

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22
Q

Main ways to reduce NT

A

Use antagonists to block NT

Inhibit enzymes that synthesise NT

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23
Q

Name the 2 types of ACh receptors

A

Nicotinic - nicotinic actions of ACh can be mimicked by nicotine

Muscarinic - muscarinic actions of ACh can be mimicked by muscarine (an extract from a poisonous mushroom)

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24
Q

Where is ACh more potent

A

At muscarinic receptors

i.e. larger doses are required to activate nicotinic receptors

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25
Q

Name the 3 subtypes of nicotinic receptors

A

Muscle - skeletal

Ganglion (ANS)

CNS (brain)

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26
Q

Name the 5 subtypes of muscarinic receptors and where each is found

A

M1 - acid - gastric parietal cells

M2 - heart - slows HR

M3 - glandular/SM (contraction)

M4

M5

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27
Q

What TYPE of receptors are all nicotinic ACh receptors

A

Ligand-gated ion channel receptors

Therefore they mediate fast excitatory effects

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28
Q

Describe the permeability of nicotinic ACh receptors

A

They are permeable to Na+ and cause depolarisation of the post-synaptic cell

29
Q

What does activation of the nicotinic ACh receptor (muscle type) lead to

A

Excitation of muscle cells

30
Q

What does activation of the nicotinic ACh receptor (ganglion type) lead to

A

Excitation of post-ganglionic neuron

31
Q

Activation of alpha/beta adrenoceptors results in…

A

HR and force increases

Vascular SM contracts, BP increases

Visceral SM relaxes

Glandular secretions reduce

32
Q

Activation of muscarinic receptors results in…

A

HR and force decreases

Visceral SM contracts

Glandular secretions increase

33
Q

Describe the function of the muscle type of nicotinic receptor

A

Located at the synpase between the somatic motor neurons and the skeletal muscles (NMJ)

Located at the muscle cells

Mediates fast cholinergic contraction of the skeletal muscles

34
Q

Function of the ganglion type of nicotinic receptor

A

Located at the synapse between the preganglionic and postganglionic neurons of the ANS

Located on the post ganglionic neuron

Mediates fast cholinergic NT between the pre and post ganglionic neuron

35
Q

What type of receptors are all muscarinic ACh receptors

A

GPCRs

hence mediate slow excitatory or inhibitory effects

36
Q

What is the function of the CNS type of nicotinic receptor

A

Located at the synapse between neurons in the brain

Mediates fast cholinergic NT in the brain

37
Q

What do M1, M3 and M5 all have in common

A

Gq linked (excitatory e.g. SM, glands)

38
Q

What do M2 and M4 all have in common

A

Gi linked (inhibitory e.g. heart)

39
Q

How do GPCRs function

A

Affect cell function indirectly by coupling to a G protein

G protein acts a go between linking the receptor and a target protein

G protein interacts with the target protein causes an increase or decrease in the levels of 2nd messenger signal within the cell

40
Q

Describe signal transduction by the M1, M3 and M5 subtypes

A
  • These receptors are coupled to a G protein - Gq
  • Target for Gq = phospholipase C
  • Pohspholipase C is activated by interaction with the G protein
  • This causes release of the 2nd messengers IP3 and DAG
  • Excitatory effects on cell - e.g. slows heart
41
Q

Describe the signal transduction by the M2 and M4 subtypes

A
  • These receptors are coupled to a G protein - Gi
  • Target for Gi = adenylate cyclase
  • Adenylate cyclase is inhibited by interaction with G protein
  • This reduces the amount of 2nd messenger cAMP in the cell
  • THis has inhibitory effects on the cell (e.g. visceral SM contraction and glandular secretion)
42
Q

Function of the M1 receptor

A

Located on gastric parietal cells

Mediates slow excitatory effects i.e. stimulation of acid secretion

43
Q

Function of M2 receptor

A

Located on heart

Mediates slow inhibitory effects (slows both rate and force of cardiac contraction)

44
Q

Function of M3 receptor

A

Located on glands and SM

Mediates slow excitatory effects e.g. stimulation of glandular secretions and contraction of SM

45
Q

Cholinergic receptor that mediates constriction of pupils

A

M3

46
Q

Cholinergic receptor that mediates stimulation of saliva flow

A

M3

47
Q

Cholinergic receptor that mediates a decrease in HR

A
48
Q

Cholinergic receptor that mediates a constriction of bronchi

A

M3

49
Q

Cholinergic receptor that mediates the stimulation of stomach peristalsis and secretion

A

M3

50
Q

Cholinergic receptor that mediates an increase in gut motility

A

M3

51
Q

Cholinergic receptor that mediates the contraction of the bladder

A

M3

52
Q

What are the 2 types of adrenergic receptors

A

Alpha adrenoceptors - α1 and α2

beta adrenoceptors - β1, β2, β3

53
Q

What is the distinction between alpha and beta based on

A

AGONIST POTENCIES

α-adrenoceptors - noradrenaline → adrenaline → isoprenaline

β-adrenoceptors - isoprenaline → adrenaline → noradrenaline

54
Q

What type of receptors are adrenergic receptors

A

GPCRs

55
Q

alpha 1 has what type of link as a GPCR

A

Gq

56
Q

alpha 2 has what type of link as a GPCR

A

Gi

57
Q

Beta 1, 2 and 3 have what type of link as a GPCR

A

Gs linked

58
Q

Signal transduction by the alpha 1 subtype of adrenergic receptor

A

Like the M1, M3, M5 subtypes of muscarinic ACh receptors, this subtype is linked to Gq

59
Q

Signal transduction by alpha 2 subtype of adrenergic receptor

A

Like the M2 and M4 subtypes of muscarinic ACh receptors, this subtype is also linked to Gi

60
Q

Signal transduction by the beta 1, 2, and 3 subtypes of adrenergic receptor

A
  • Coupled to a G protein - Gs
  • Like Gi, the target for Gs = adenylate cyclase
  • Adenylate cyclase is activated by interaction with the G protein
  • Increase in the amount of the 2nd messenger cAMP in the cell
  • This has excitatory OR inhibitory effects on the cell
61
Q

α1

Location

Physiological effect

A
  1. vascular SM and liver
  2. VasoC and glycogenolysis
62
Q

α2

Location

Physiological effect

A
  1. Vascular SM and glands
  2. VasoC and decreased glandular secretion
63
Q

β1

Location

Physiological effect

A
  1. Heart
  2. Increased cardiac rate and force
64
Q

β2

Location

Physiological effect

A
  1. Bronchial SM, visceral SM, skeletal SM, liver
  2. relaxation/dilation (bronchial SM)

Relaxation of visceral SM

Contraction/tremor of skeletal muscle

glycogenolysis in liver

65
Q

β3

Location

Physiological effect

A
  1. Adipose tissue
  2. Lypolysis
66
Q

What does salbutomol treat

A

Both premature birth and asthma

67
Q

Adrenergic receptor subtype(s) that mediate these sympathetic effects

A
68
Q

Steps in thinking about ANS and NMJ

A

e.g.

Gastric ulcer

Stomach

Reduce secretion of acid to allow ulcer to heal

The PS system stimulates acid secretion into stomach

This system uses ACh at muscarinic receptors at its targets

ANTAGONISTS will help

Muscarinic antagonists are used to prevent ACh secretion in stomach

Pharmacology (23 decks)

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