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Biology > Animal Transport Systems > Flashcards

Animal Transport Systems Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

What is required to release energy from food?

A

Oxygen

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1
Q

What transports substances to and from cells in humans and other animals?

A

Blood

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2
Q

What are glucose and amino acids an example of?

A

Nutrients

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3
Q

What does blood transport from the endocrine glands?

A

Hormones

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4
Q

What is the circulatory system made up of?

A

The heart and a vast network of blood vessels

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5
Q

What is the system called that transports blood to all parts of the body?

A

The circulatory system

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6
Q

What is the function of the heart?

A

To pump blood through the blood vessels

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7
Q

What is the special type of muscle that the walls of the heart are made from?

A

Cardiac muscle

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8
Q

What are the two upper chambers of the heart called?

A

Atria (singular - atrium)

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9
Q

What are the two lower chambers of the heart called?

A

Ventricles

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10
Q

What do the atria do?

A

Receive blood which is returning to the heart

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11
Q

What do the ventricles do?

A

They receive blood from an atrium and pump it into an artery

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12
Q

What does the right hand side of the heart do?

A

It receives deoxygenated blood returning from the body and pumps it to the lung

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13
Q

What does the left hand side of the heart do?

A

It receives oxygenated blood returning from the lungs and pumps it to the rest of the body

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14
Q

What are structures that allow blood to pass through in one direction only, preventing the backflow of blood?

A

Valves

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15
Q

How many times does blood pass through the heart in each circulation?

A

Twice

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16
Q

What are the two main veins called that blood arrives in from all parts of the body?

A

Vena cava

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17
Q

Where does the pulmonary artery carry the blood to?

A

Lungs

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18
Q

A blood vessel which carries blood away from the heart

A

Artery

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19
Q

A blood vessel which carries blood towards the heart

A

Vein

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20
Q

A microscopic blood vessel where exchange of substances occurs

A

Capillary

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21
Q

Air sac in the lungs where gas exchange takes place

A

Alveolus

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22
Q

Tissue which forms rings to keep airways open

A

Cartilage

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23
Q

Sticky substance lining airways which traps dust and germs

A

Mucus

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24
Q

Hair-like structures, lining the airways that move mucus away from the lungs

A

Cilia

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25
Q

Pigment in red blood cells that transports oxygen as oxyhaemoglobin

A

Haemoglobin

26
Q

Waves of muscular contraction which push food through the alimentary canal

A

Peristalsis

27
Q

Finger-like projections on the surface of the small intestine which provide a large surface area for absorption of food

A

Villi

28
Q

Central vessel in a villus, which absorbs the products of fat digestion

A

Lacteal

29
Q

What is required for carrying out respiration and releasing energy?

A

Glucose and oxygen

30
Q

What are the vessels that supply the heart with blood?

A

Coronary arteries

31
Q

What happens when the coronary arteries become blocked or narrowed?

A

The heart cells will be deprived of glucose and oxygen, the cells will die as a result and this may lead to a heart attack

32
Q

Blood vessels that have thick muscular walls and narrow cavity to help withstand high pressure

A

Arteries

33
Q

Blood vessels with thin muscular walls for low pressure of blood and valves to prevent backflow

A

Veins

34
Q

Blood vessels that are only one cell thick to allow exchange of materials

A

Capillaries

35
Q

In what organ does gas exchange take place?

A

Lungs

36
Q

Why do the alveoli provide a large surface area?

A

For the absorption of a large volume of oxygen

37
Q

Why do the alveoli have a moist surface?

A

It allows oxygen to dissolve, making diffusion faster

38
Q

Why do the alveoli have an extremely thin lining?

A

It allows oxygen to pass through easily

39
Q

Why is each alveolus surrounded by a network of capillaries?

A

It absorbs and transports oxygen to the heart

40
Q

Why are capillaries highly branched?

A

It gives a large surface area for gas exchange

41
Q

Why do capillaries form dense networks amongst the cells?

A

It means that it will be close to a cell

42
Q

Why are capillaries only one cell thick?

A

It allows easy diffusion of gases

43
Q

What is the main component of blood called?

A

Plasma

44
Q

Two types of cells that are suspended in the plasma

A

Red blood cells and white blood cells

45
Q

What are some uses of proteins?

A

Enzymes, hormones and antibodies

46
Q

What is the function of the red blood cells?

A

To absorb and transport oxygen

47
Q

Why do red blood cells have a biconcave disc shape?

A

It increases their surface area, which makes them very efficient at absorbing oxygen

48
Q

What gives blood it’s red colour?

A

Haemoglobin

49
Q

Why are red blood cells very small and flexible?

A

It allows them to squeeze through the narrowest of blood capillaries and deliver oxygen to nearby body cells

50
Q

Why do red blood cells not contain a nucleus?

A

It leaves the maximum space for haemoglobin

51
Q

What is the function of white blood cells?

A

To defend the body against infection

52
Q

How are the structures of white blood cells different from red blood cells?

A

White blood cells are larger than red blood cells and contain a nucleus but no haemoglobin

53
Q

Haemoglobin + oxygen —-> oxyhaemoglobin

Oxyhaemoglobin —-> haemoglobin + oxygen

A

in the lungs

Haemoglobin + oxygen oxyhaemoglobin in the body tissues

54
Q

What are the main food groups?

A

Carbohydrate, protein, fat, vitamins, and minerals

55
Q

What are the chemical elements and molecular units of carbohydrate molecules?

A

Chemical elements - carbon, hydrogen + oxygen

Molecular units - simple sugar molecules

56
Q

What are the chemical elements and molecular units of protein molecules?

A

Chemical elements - carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen

Molecular units - amino acid molecules

57
Q

What are the chemical elements and molecular units of fat molecules?

A

Chemical elements - carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

Molecular units - fatty acid molecules

58
Q

What is the digestive system made up of?

A

Alimentary canal and organs such as the liver and pancreas

59
Q

How do the circular muscles act behind the ball of food and in front of it?

A

Behind the ball of food, the muscles contract and the muscles in front relax

60
Q

What are the three features of the small intestine to help absorb the molecules efficiently?

A

Large surface area, thin wall and vessels to receive the absorbed foods

61
Q

What is the fluid called that is contained in the lacteal?

A

Lymph

62
Q

What do the lymph do?

A

It is transported in lymph vessels which eventually join the blood stream

63
Q

What are the products of fat digestion?

A

Glycerol and fatty acids

Biology (12 decks)

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