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biology > Animal transport 2.3 > Flashcards

Animal transport 2.3 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards
1
Q

What are the characteristics of an open circulatory system?

A

-Low pressure
-No separation between blood and interstitial fluid (haemolymph)
-Dorsal tube shaped heart
-No respiratory pigment
-No respiratory gases

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2
Q

How does the circulatory system of an insect work?

A

-Materials are exchanged between haemolymph and cells in haemocoel
-Heart pumps at low pressure, fluid returns slowly from haemocoel
-Fluid doesn’t travel through vessels, but bathes tissues directly

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3
Q

How do closed circulatory systems work?

A

-High pressure
-Blood confined to vessels and is separate from interstitial fluid
-One or more pumps
-Large vessels divide into smaller vessels
-Material diffuses between vessels and interstitial fluid
-Respiratory pigment carries gases

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4
Q

How does the circulatory system of an earthworm work?

A

-Vessels joined end to end in closed loop
-Dorsal vessel (main heart)
-Blood moves backwards to tail (ventral)
-Blood moves to head (dorsal)
-5 pseudohearts
-Capillary network in intestine
-Oxygen diffuses via moist body surface

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5
Q

What animals use an open circulatory system?

A

-Insects
-Crustaceans
-Most molluscs

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6
Q

What animals use a closed circulatory system?

A

-Vertebrates
-Cephalopods
-Annelid worms

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7
Q

What are afferent arteries?

A

They bring blood to an organ

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8
Q

What are efferent arteries?

A

They bring blood away from an organ

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9
Q

What are the characteristics of a single circulatory system?

A

-Lower pressure
-Less energy to power heart
-Higher pressure to gills
-Lower pressure to body

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10
Q

What are the characteristics of a double circulatory system?

A

-High pressure
-More energy to power heart
-Lower pressure to alveoli
-Higher pressure to body cells (more risk of damage)

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11
Q

What circulatory system do insects have?

A

Open single circulation

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12
Q

What circulatory system do fish have?

A

-Closed single circulation

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13
Q

What circulatory system do mammals have?

A

-Closed double

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14
Q

What happens when pressuring in atria>ventricle?

A

Left atrium contracts, pushing bicuspid open, pushing blood to left ventricle

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15
Q

What happens when pressure in aorta>ventricle?

A

Blood caught in ‘cup’ of semilunar valves, closing them, preventing backflow

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16
Q

What happens when pressure in ventricle>atria?

A

Left ventricle contracts, blood caught in ‘cup’ of bicuspid, bicuspid shuts, preventing backflow

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17
Q

What happens when pressure in ventricle>aorta?

A

Left Ventricle contracts, semilunar valves opens

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18
Q

What is the cardiac cycle?

A

A sequence of events that make up one heartbeat

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19
Q

What are the 3 phases of the cardiac cycle?

A

-Ventricular diastole
-Atrial systole
-Ventricular systole

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20
Q

What is systole?

A

Muscle contraction

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21
Q

What is diastole?

A

Muscle relaxation

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22
Q

What are the characteristics of ventricular diastole?

A

-Muscles relax
-Volume increases
-Pressure decreases
-Semilunar valves close
-Atrioventricular valves open

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23
Q

What are the characteristics of atrial systole?

A

-Muscles contract
-Volume decreases
-Pressure increases
-Semilunar valves close
-Atrioventricular valves open

24
Q

What are the characteristics of ventricular systole?

A

-Muscles contract
-Volume decrease
-Pressure increase
-Semilunar valves open
-Atrioventricular valves close

25
Q

What does myogenic mean?

A

The heart can pump without stimulation from the nervous system

26
Q

What is stroke volume?

A

The volume of blood expelled by the heart in one cycle

27
Q

What is cardiac output?

A

Volume of blood expelled in a minute

28
Q

What is the equation for cardiac output?

A

Stroke volume X BPM

29
Q

What is the importance of the time delay at the AVN?

A

Allows time for atria to contract

30
Q

What is the role of the Sinoatrial Node?

A

It’s a pacemaker and initiates the electrical signal through the atria to Atrioventricular Node

31
Q

What is the role of the Atrioventricular Node?

A

Causes a delay and passes impulse to ventricle through Bundle of His

32
Q

What is the role of the Bundle of His?

A

Transmits signal to Purkinje fibres

33
Q

What is the role of the Purkinje fibres?

A

Carries impulse through walls from apex upwards

34
Q

What does an Electrocardiogram do?

A

Measures the electrical activity of the heart

35
Q

Explain the P wave

A

SAN generates signal causing depolarisation of atria, leading to atrial systole

36
Q

Explain the QRS peak

A

AVN transmitted signal via Bundle of His to Purkinje fibres. Depolarisation and ventricular systole

37
Q

Explain the T peak

A

Repolariation of ventricle causing ventricular diastole

38
Q

What can an ECG show?

A

-Rhythm changes
-Changes as a result of a heart attack (wide QRS)
-Effects of exercise

39
Q

What are the key features of an artery?

A

-Thicker muscular walls
-Narrow lumen (maintain pressure)
-Smooth folded endothelium (reduce friction with blood)

40
Q

Describe the Tunica externa in arteries

A

Collagen fibres to prevent overstretching

41
Q

Describe the Tunica media in arteries

A

-Thick layer of smooth muscle to control diameter
-Elastic fibres for strength and recoil

42
Q

Describe the Tunica interna in arteries

A

-Single layer of smooth squamous epithelium
-Folded to allow stretch

43
Q

What are the key features of veins?

A

-Thinner muscular walls
-Wider lumen
-Valves

44
Q

Describe the Tunica externa in veins

A

Low number of collagen fibres

45
Q

Describe the Tunica media in veins

A

-Thinner layer
-Some smooth muscle and elastic fibres

46
Q

Describe tunica interna in veins

A

-Single layer of smooth squamous epithelium

47
Q

Describe capillaries

A

Fenestrations, pores between cells allow water and solutes to pass out under pressure

48
Q

What are the features of capillaries?

A

-Narrow
-Very thin walls
-Capillary beds, dense network with large cross section area, reduces pressure

49
Q

What is filtered out of the capillaries?

A

-Water
-Glucose
-Amino acids
-Small proteins
-hormones

50
Q

What are reabsorbed into the capillaries?

A

-Water
-Urea
-CO2
-Spent hormones

51
Q

What do plasma proteins do to the capillaries?

A

Lower water potential

52
Q

Where does excess fluid go?

A

The lymphatic system, otherwise edema occurs

53
Q

What does Hb affinity mean?

A

How easily Hb associates/disassociates with O2

54
Q

What does PPO2/CO2 mean?

A

Pressure exerted if it were the only gas present

55
Q

What shape is the Oxygen dissociation curve?

A

Sigmoid, “s”

56
Q

What is the importance for foetal haemoglobin to develop to adult haemoglobin?

A

High affinity would mean it wouldn’t release O2 readily enough for respiring tissues

biology (13 decks)

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